Anxiety and arousal: tests of a new six-system model

Personality, Sex of Participant, and Face-to-Face Interaction Affect Reading of Informed Consent Forms

“…Baumgartner and Hartmann (2011) argued that an informationseeking strategy would end in negative responses; however, another previous study found that as comprehension of the informed consent form increased, anxiety decreased ( Wanzer, Wojtaszczyk, Schimert, Missert, Baker, Baker, et al , 2010 ). The state fi ndings in this study partially supported previous work that state stress would be the most infl uential factor in paying attention to one's rights; yet, the lack of state anxiety fi ndings did not fully support the arousal hypothesis ( Wilken, et al , 1999 ). Knepp and Friedman (2008 ) did fi nd that signifi cant trait worry aff ected psychophysiological responses but state anxiety did not.…”

“…Previous research into situational or state factors indicates that stress could be a concern in gaining overall competence from informed consent ( Tu, Li, & Shi, 2012 ). Previous work by Wilken, Smith, Tola, and Mann (1999 ) noted that state stress was the most infl uential factor arousal and that the arousal eff ects for state anxiety were similar in nature to trait anxiety. State anxiety appeared to be a preparatory system which would result in more information-seeking behaviors while reading the informed consent form.…”

Gender differences in the association between cardiovascular reactivity and aggressive conduct☆

“…One potentially important confound is children's levels of anxiety and depression. Many researchers have noted the importance of considering anxiety and depression when examining correlates of physiological activity because they are related to physiological arousal during rest and periods of stress (Ewart and Kolodner, 1994;Herpertz et al, 2003;Knight and McCallum, 1998;Light et al, 1998;Mathias and Stanford, 2003;Matthews et al, 2005;Ortiz and Raine, 2004;van Goozen et al, 1998;Wilken et al, 1999). Many children exhibit aggression in combination with anxiety (e.g., Lambert et al, 2001) and depression (e.g., Messer and Gross, 1994); as such, analyses in the present study controlled for anxious/depressed symptoms so that the unique relation between cardiac reactivity and aggression could be assessed.…”

Antecedent Adrenaline Attenuates the Responsiveness to But Not the Release of Counterregulatory Hormones during Subsequent Hypoglycemia

“…Because prior exposure to stressful stimuli may reduce anxiety caused by certain cognitive tests (34), a lower level of anxiety after adrenaline pretreatment may have led to a better performance. Alternatively, adrenaline-induced desensitization of ␣ 1 -adrenergic receptors in the brain, stimulation of which has been associated to impaired cognitive function in rats (35), might also have inhibited the hypoglycemia-induced fall in cognitive function after adrenaline.…”