Anxiety and depression among general population in China at the peak of the COVID‐19 epidemic

Li, Junfeng; Yang, Zhiyun; Qiu, Hui; Wang, Yu; Jian, Lingyu; Ji, Junjun; Li, Kefeng

doi:10.1002/wps.20758

Cited by 330 publications

(354 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The present study is the rst nationwide large-scale survey of mental health status in the general population of Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic. Similar to other web-based studies(1,(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20), the majority of participants in this study were female (63.1%), in the 18-35 years age group (63.4%), resident in urban area (94.7%), and had university education (76.1%). In this study, using the GAD-7 and PHQ-9 instruments, the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and comorbid anxietydepression were 30.1%, 33.4% and 22.1%, respectively.…”

supporting

confidence: 82%

“…According to adjusted analysis (i.e., multiple logistic regression analysis), females were Simple and multiple logistic regression analyses were undertaken to examine factor associated with depressive symptoms among general population (see Table 5). According to adjusted analysis, females were (15)(16)(17)19), patients and health workers (21)(22)(23). In a study performed in Wuhan, China during the COVID-19 pandemic, the prevalence of anxiety (using GAD-7), depression (using WHO-5), and comorbid anxietydepression were 22.6%, 48.3% and 19.4%, respectively (17).…”

Section: Factors Associated With Anxiety Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression in General Population of Iran during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Maroufizadeh

Pourshaikhian

Pourramzani

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global public health emergency and may result in psychological problems such as anxiety and depression in general population. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of anxiety and depression and their associated factors in general population of Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: We conducted this web-based cross-sectional study on 5328 individuals in Iran, between 17 and 29 April 2020. Data were collected through an anonymous online questionnaire via social media like WhatsApp and Telegram. The online survey collected information on demographic characteristics, COVID-19-related variables, and anxiety and depression. Anxiety and depression were assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), respectively. Simple and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to determine independent predictors of anxiety and depression.Results: The mean GAD-7 and PHQ-9 total scores were 7.17 (SD=5.42) and 7.80 (SD=6.68), respectively. The prevalence of anxiety, depression, and comorbid anxiety-depression were 30.1%, 33.4%, and 22.1%, respectively. According to the adjusted analysis, anxiety was significantly associated with being female, being young and middle-aged, being unemployed or housewife, having chronic diseases, long time thinking about COVID-19, having family members, friends, and/or relatives infected with COVI-19, and death of family members, relatives or friends due to COVID-19. Same results were also found for depression. Furthermore, depression was associated with being single, being resident in urban area, and having high risk individual in family. Conclusion: The prevalence of anxiety and depression were considerably high in general population of Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the findings suggest that more attention needs to be paid to vulnerable groups such as women, young/middle-aged adults, unemployed people, people with chronic disease. Thus, a holistic approach, including management policies, psychosocial interventions, training, support, and tele-mental health, is absolutely crucial to reduce mental health problems of the COVID-19 and any outbreaks of other infectious diseases.

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supporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Factors Associated With Anxiety Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression in General Population of Iran during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Maroufizadeh

Pourshaikhian

Pourramzani

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…One of our main findings is the presence of moderate to severe levels of depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms which are higher than those found in China [52,68,69]. This difference could be due to the type of immediate health response in the two countries, with clear lockdown measures from the beginning of the pandemic in China [70] and a more fragmented preventive approach in Italy, which may have increased the levels of fears and uncertainty in this country [37][38][39]71].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Effects of the lockdown on the mental health of the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy: Results from the COMET collaborative network

et al. 2020

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Background. The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is an unprecedented traumatic event influencing the healthcare, economic, and social welfare systems worldwide. In order to slow the infection rates, lockdown has been implemented almost everywhere. Italy, one of the countries most severely affected, entered the "lockdown" on March 8, 2020. Methods. The COvid Mental hEalth Trial (COMET) network includes 10 Italian university sites and the National Institute of Health. The whole study has three different phases. The first phase includes an online survey conducted between March and May 2020 in the Italian population. Recruitment took place through email invitation letters, social media, mailing lists of universities, national medical associations, and associations of stakeholders (e.g., associations of users/ carers). In order to evaluate the impact of lockdown on depressive, anxiety and stress symptoms, multivariate linear regression models were performed, weighted for the propensity score. Results. The final sample consisted of 20,720 participants. Among them, 12.4% of respondents (N = 2,555) reported severe or extremely severe levels of depressive symptoms, 17.6% (N = 3,627) of anxiety symptoms and 41.6% (N = 8,619) reported to feel at least moderately stressed by the situation at the DASS-21. According to the multivariate regression models, the depressive, anxiety and stress symptoms significantly worsened from the week April 9-15 to the week April 30 to May 4 (p < 0.0001). Moreover, female respondents and people with pre-existing mental health problems were at higher risk of developing severe depression and anxiety symptoms (p < 0.0001). Conclusions. Although physical isolation and lockdown represent essential public health measures for containing the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, they are a serious threat for mental health and well-being of the general population. As an integral part of COVID-19 response, mental health needs should be addressed.

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“…However, the negative effect appears to be greater. Thus, the foreseen increase of mental health issues and suicides 9,[13][14][15]17,[49][50][51][52][53]224 is likely to happen.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, after the immediate crisis has passed, suicide rates increase 4,6 . The COVID-19 pandemic poses a special challenge to people around the world, as it affects both physical and mental health [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] , economy 16 , and social life 17,18 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptation of evidence‐based suicide prevention strategies during and after theCOVID‐19 pandemic

et al. 2020

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Suicide is preventable. Nevertheless, each year 800,000 people die of suicide in the world. While there is evidence indicating that suicide rates de‐crease during times of crises, they are expected to increase once the immediate crisis has passed. The COVID‐19 pandemic affects risk and pro‐tective factors for suicide at each level of the socio‐ecological model. Economic downturn, augmented barriers to accessing health care, increased access to suicidal means, inappropriate media reporting at the societal level; deprioritization of mental health and preventive activities at the community level; interpersonal conflicts, neglect and violence at the relationship level; unemployment, poverty, loneliness and hopelessness at the individual level: all these variables contribute to an increase of depression, anxiety, post‐traumatic stress disorder, harmful use of alcohol, substance abuse, and ultimately suicide risk. Suicide should be prevented by strengthening universal strategies directed to the entire population, including mitigation of unemployment, poverty and inequalities; prioritization of access to mental health care; responsible media reporting, with information about available support; prevention of increased alcohol intake; and restriction of access to lethal means of suicide. Selective interventions should continue to target known vulnerable groups who are socio‐economically disadvantaged, but also new ones such as first responders and health care staff, and the bereaved by COVID‐19 who have been deprived of the final contact with loved ones and funerals. Indicated preventive strategies targeting individuals who display suicidal behaviour should focus on available pharmacological and psychological treatments of mental disorders, ensuring proper follow‐up and chain of care by increased use of telemedicine and other digital means. The scientific community, health care professionals, politicians and decision‐makers will find in this paper a systematic description of the effects of the pandemic on suicide risk at the society, community, family and individual levels, and an overview of how evidence‐based suicide preventive interventions should be adapted. Research is needed to investigate which adaptations are effective and in which con‐texts.

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Anxiety and depression among general population in China at the peak of the COVID‐19 epidemic

Cited by 330 publications

References 5 publications

Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression in General Population of Iran during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression in General Population of Iran during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Effects of the lockdown on the mental health of the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy: Results from the COMET collaborative network

Adaptation of evidence‐based suicide prevention strategies during and after theCOVID‐19 pandemic

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