Anxiety and depression and its correlates in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan

Abstract

Objectives: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) first broke-out in Wuhan China in December 2019, and spread throughout the entire country within a short time. This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence of depression and anxiety and associated risk factors were analysed in patients with COVID-19. Methods: This single-center cross-sectional study focussed on measuring depression and anxiety using self-report scales. Linear regression was used to determine independent predictors for depression and anxiety. Results: A total of 78 patients who were confirmed to have COVID-19 were enrolled in the study. Prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms were diagnosed in 35.9% and 38.5% of the patients, respectively. Multivariate linear regression analysis found female gender was an independent predictor for higher depression severity index. Having family members who were diagnosed with COVID-19 and family members who died from COVID-19 were independently associated with higher depression severity index and anxiety score. Conclusions: Patients with COVID-19 especially those who had family members diagnosed with COVID-19 or died from COVID-19 were more susceptible to depression and anxiety than were other patients. Effective strategies should be pursued to improve the mental health of this patient population. KEY POINTS Patients with COVID-19 showed a significantly high prevalence of depression and anxiety. Female patients were associated with higher risk of depression. Patients with family members diagnosed as COVID-19 or died from this disease were associated with higher risk of depression and anxiety.

The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances in COVID‐19 patients: a meta‐analysis

“…These figures are lower compared with the pooled prevalence for inpatients, which was 48% (reported by 12 studies, 73,75,88,92,94,98,99,[104][105][106][107][108] see Fig. S21, online only) and 42% (reported by 13 studies, 72,73,75,92,94,98,[103][104][105][106][107][108] see Fig. S22, online only) for depression and anxiety, respectively; however, these differences between inpatients and outpatients were not significant (P = 0.16 and 0.28 for depression and anxiety prevalence, respectively).…”

“…Twenty-seven (87%) studies 43,44,[70][71][72][73][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105]107 were conducted in China, and the remaining four studies were, respectively, conducted in Italy, 75 Ecuador, 95 Turkey, 74 and Iran. 106 Twenty-eight (90%) studies were cross-sectional studies, 43,44,[70][71][72][73][74][75][85][86][87][88]90,[92][93][94][95][96][97][98]…”

“…The pooled prevalence of depression of 23 studies (n = 4028) 43,44,70,71,73,75,85,[87][88][89][92][93][94][95][96][98][99][100][101][104][105][106][107] was 45% (95% CI: 37-54%). There was significant serious between-study heterogeneity (I 2 = 96%, P Q < 0.01).…”

“…For anxiety assessment methods (see Fig. 4), nine studies 43,44,85,86,[89][90][91][92]94 used the criteria of SAS ≥50 with a pooled prevalence of 54% (95% CI: 32-75%, I 2 = 98%), seven studies 95,96,98,99,[106][107][108] used GAD-7 ≥5 with a pooled prevalence of 47% (95% CI: 37-58%, I 2 = 86%), three studies 93,101,103 used HADS-A ≥8 with a pooled prevalence of 34% (95% CI: 19-51%, I 2 = 91%), and two studies 104,105 used SCL-90 (anxiety subscale) ≥2 with a pooled prevalence of 18% (95% CI: 15-21%, I 2 = 0%). The remaining studies used unvalidated custom questionnaires or interviews.…”

“…Twenty Chinese studies 43,44,70,71,73,85,88,89,[92][93][94]96,[98][99][100][101]104,105,107,108 reported a pooled depression prevalence of 45% from China. The depression prevalence for Italy, 75 Ecuador, 95 and Iran 106 was 38%, 60%, and 38%, respectively, as reported by one study in each subgroup (see Fig.…”