Anxiety and depression over the first year of spinal cord injury: a longitudinal study

Hancock, Karen; Craig, Ashley; Dickson, Hugh G; Chang, Esther; Martin, James C.

doi:10.1038/sc.1993.59

Cited by 105 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…As already done in other studies, 1 we choose as`cut-o ' score a score equivalent to one standard deviation above the mean of the norms. Patients were then de®ned anxious and depressed when their scores on the two scales were higher than the mean of uninjured subjects plus one standard deviation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…the Depression Questionnaire (QD) of the Cognitive Behavioural Assessment. 12 The STAI XI is a 20-item self-report measure of state anxiety; it has been widely used to study anxiety, also in SCI patients; 1 it has a test-retest reliability of 0.68 and 0.59 (7 and 30 days); 12 the internal consistency (alpha coe cient) is 0.92. 12 The QD questionnaire is a well validated self-report measure of depression consisting of 24 items adapted from the Beck Depression Inventory and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale; 12,13 test-retest reliability is 0.88 and 0.72 (7 and 30 days) and the alpha coe cient 0.86.…”

Section: All Patients Underwentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,2 The reported incidence of these pathologies varies from author to author: in the initial studies anxiety and most of all depression were considered almost inevitable consequences of SCI 3 , but today many authors report depression in only 20 ± 45% of patients. 4 ± 6 The relevance of the psychological consequences is demonstrated by the rate of suicide and divorce among SCI patients; both are greater than in the general population and are on the increase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Psychological investigation of spinal cord injury patients

et al. 1997

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Spinal cord injuries (SCI) often have psychological consequences, primarily anxiety and depression, which may interfere with rehabilitation possibilities, with adjustment to the impairment and therefore with the possibility of returning to previous familiar social life and work. To assess the degree of anxiety and depression in SCI patients, and to study the factors contributing to their genesis, 100 SCI in-and out-patients were administered questionnaires for self-rating anxiety and depression. A group of newly injured patients was followed up for a year after their discharge to study the evolution of the two psychological syndromes. These two psychological pathologies in SCI patients were respectively 13% (anxiety) and 16% (depression). Some characteristics were signi®cantly associated with a higher risk of developing psychological distress: the presence of severe complications, the lack of autonomy, and low educational level. We did not observe any modi®cation of the psychological picture over time. The lack of reduction in anxiety and depression over time could mean that the two pathologies are maintained by the obstacles SCI patients meet every day resulting from their neurological de®cit. Our data justify the provision of psychological services for SCI patients in the rehabilitation centres; these services should still be available to the patients even after discharge.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: All Patients Underwentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Psychological investigation of spinal cord injury patients

et al. 1997

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“…These prob lems have been discussed in an earlier publication by the authors. 9 Before the growth of empirical studies into the psychological consequences of SCI, there were many popular theories about adjustment to SCI, with variations on the idea that patients pass through a series of stages in adjusting to their injury. Not all theorists agree on the nature of the stages or the sequence in which they occur, but a common example of the stages includes shock, denial, anger, depression and accept ance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A longitudinal investigation into anxiety and depression in the first 2 years following a spinal cord injury

1994

Self Cite

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This study is a 1 year extension of a controlled 1 year follow up study of spinal cord injured persons. The study assessed the extent of spinal cord injury (SCI) persons' depression and anxiety in comparison to an able bodied control group matched for age, sex, education and as far as possible, occupation. Psychological adjustment to SCI was assessed in terms of scores on the Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Beck Depression Inventory. Results obtained at the 2 year follow up were not significantly changed from those obtained over the first year. There was no significant improvement in anxiety and depression scores in the SCI group 2 years post injury. Examination of the SCI scores suggest that psychological morbidity was confined to a group of approximately 30% of persons, whilst the remaining persons were not severely anxious or depressed. Traditional stage models of adjustment to SCI which suggest that the passage of time is associated with better adjustment were not supported by the present data.

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“…It is well established that SCI is associated with reduced quality of life and increased incidence of anxiety and depression. 13,14 Wheelchair athletes have better psychological profiles than nonathletes. 15 This benefit has been shown to increase with higher intensity participation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patient perception of the impact of sporting activity on rehabilitation in a spinal cord injuries unit

O'Neill

Maguire

2004

Spinal Cord

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Objective: To establish patients' perception of the effect of sport on rehabilitation. Design: Single investigator telephone questionnaire survey. Setting: Spinal Cord Injuries Unit, Musgrave Park Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK. Method: A telephone questionnaire was administered to patients admitted over a 12-month period. Information on patient demographics, sports participation before and after injury and patients' perception of the impact of sports on rehabilitation was recorded. Results: In all, 33 (84.6%) of the 39 patients could be contacted and all completed the questionnaire. Of the respondents 27 (81.8%) had a diagnosis of spinal cord injury. Six (18.2%) were female and 20 (60.6%) were below 45 years. A total of 15 (45.5%) patients previously participated in regular sporting activity. At least 24 (72.7%) tried one sport during admission. In all, 14 reported taking part in regular sporting activity after discharge, although 23 expressed a desire to do so. Of those 60% who had regularly exercised continued to do so and 27% of those who reported no regular sport, before injury, commenced regular active exercise. A general benefit of sporting activity was recognised by 78.8% and a rehabilitation benefit by 69.7%. Self-reported benefits included increase in fitness, quality of life, confidence and social contact. Conclusion: A high proportion of patients perceived sporting activity as beneficial. Patients exercising before injury were more likely to exercise after injury. All inpatients were introduced to sport by staff, emphasising the importance of this rehabilitation opportunity in planning in-patient care.

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Anxiety and depression over the first year of spinal cord injury: a longitudinal study

Cited by 105 publications

References 12 publications

Psychological investigation of spinal cord injury patients

Psychological investigation of spinal cord injury patients

A longitudinal investigation into anxiety and depression in the first 2 years following a spinal cord injury

Patient perception of the impact of sporting activity on rehabilitation in a spinal cord injuries unit

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