Anxiety and ritualization: Can attention discriminate compulsion from routine?

Krátký, Jan; Lang, Martin; Shaver, John H.; Jerotijević, Danijela; Xygalatas, Dimitris

doi:10.1080/19420889.2016.1174799

Cited by 22 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Boyer and Liénard (2008) theorized that ritualized actions are an evolutionary vestige of a vigilance detection system, helping to provide a sense of stability in the face of uncontrollable threats. The entropy model of uncertainty makes a similar prediction, positing that anxiety motivates organisms to return to familiar low-entropy states to regain a sense of control (Hirsh, Mar, & Peterson, 2012; Lang et al, 2015, but also see Krátky et al, 2016).…”

Section: Emotion Regulationmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Meaningful environments -like the monumental architecture of religious centers of worship -may enhance the specialness of the ritual, further increasing a sense of group connectedness (e.g., Joye & Verpooten, 2013). In other words, doing a ritual in a mosque or temple would elicit greater cohesion compared to doing the exact same ritual in a more mundane, less awe-inspiring setting (Xygalatas et al, 2016).…”

Section: Social Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework

Hobson

Schroeder

Risen

et al. 2017

Pers Soc Psychol Rev

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Traditionally, ritual has been studied from broad sociocultural perspectives, with little consideration of the psychological processes at play. Recently, however, psychologists have begun turning their attention to the study of ritual, uncovering the causal mechanisms driving this universal aspect of human behavior. With growing interest in the psychology of ritual, this article provides an organizing framework to understand recent empirical work from social psychology, cognitive science, anthropology, behavioral economics, and neuroscience. Our framework focuses on three primary regulatory functions of rituals: regulation of (a) emotions, (b) performance goal states, and (c) social connection. We examine the possible mechanisms underlying each function by considering the bottom-up processes that emerge from the physical features of rituals and top-down processes that emerge from the psychological meaning of rituals. Our framework, by appreciating the value of psychological theory, generates novel predictions and enriches our understanding of ritual and human behavior more broadly.

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Section: Emotion Regulationmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Social Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework

Hobson

Schroeder

Risen

et al. 2017

Pers Soc Psychol Rev

Self Cite

201

200

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“…non-automatic), unnecessary, non-functional acts (in addition to the functional ones) with the result to affect the pragmatic functionality of the basic motor pattern (Zor et al, 2009). The non-pragmatic redundancy of non-functional acts implies the loss of the automatic execution of the act with hyper-attention to the formal structure of the behavioral pattern (Krátký et al, 2016). Namely, the emphasis on fidelity and invariance of the performance, the rigid adherence to the "rules" (i.e.…”

Section: Ritualsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The biological origins of rituals: An interdisciplinary perspective

Tonna

Marchesi

Parmigiani

2019

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

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Ritual behavior is ubiquitous, marking animal motor patterns, normal and psychopathological behavior in human individuals as well as every human culture. Moreover, formal features of rituals appear to be highly conserved along phylogeny and characterized by a circular and spatio-temporal structure typical of habitual behavior with internal repetition of non-functional acts and redirection of attention to the "script" of the performance. A continuity, based on highly conserved cortico-striatal loops, can be traced from animal rituals to human individual and collective rituals with psychopathological compulsions at the crossing point. The transition from "routinization" to "ritualization" may have been promoted to deal with environmental unpredictability in non-social contexts and, through motor synchronization, to enhance intra-group cohesion and communication in social contexts.Ultimately, ritual, following its biological constraints exerts a "homeostatic" function on the environment (social and non-social) under conditions of unpredictability.

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“…For instance, existing data suggest that wider eyes minimized the effort required to have a horizontally ample range of vision, which could have been beneficial when hominin ancestors moved from forested areas to the savannah (Kobayashi and Kohshima 2001; see also Susskind et al 2008 who found that changes in the eye aperture size affect sensory acquisition). Eye morphology may also promote cooperation within a group (Haley and Fessler 2005;Bateson et al 2006;Ernest-Jones et al 2011;Krátký et al 2016; see also Carbon and Hesslinger 2011 for a revision of Bateson et al's 2006 paradigm) and establishing eye contact may assist cooperation (Behrens and Kret 2019). Similarly, a large and depigmented sclera may make it easier for conspecifics to infer intentions in cooperative tasks (Kobayashi and Kohshima 2001;Tomasello et al 2007;Perea-García et al 2017) and, through eye contact, establish, reinforce and negotiate social bonds (Kobayashi and Hashiya 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in ocular morphology in Caucasian people: a dubious role of sexual selection in the evolution of sexual dimorphism of the human eye

Danel

Wacewicz

Kleisner

et al. 2020

Behav Ecol Sociobiol

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The horizontal size of the exposed depigmented sclera in Caucasians has been previously suggested to be sexually dimorphic, and the significance of this phenomenon remains unclear. Here we build on a previous study and extend it by (i) examining sex differences in other measures of ocular morphology and (ii) exploring the link between eye morphology and biometric markers of facial attractiveness. We used facial photographs of 100 Caucasians (50 men) from Eastern-Central Europe and digitally measured four ocular features. Eye measurements were tested for sex differences and associations with morphometric data on facial averageness and sexual shape dimorphism. We found that sclera surface is more horizontally exposed in men, even though the total surface area is similar in both sexes. We also found that eye fissures are rounder (less rectangular) in women than in men and that irises are brighter in women. We did not find any relationship between the examined eye features and two aspects of facial attractiveness: facial averageness and sexual dimorphism in facial shape. Despite being sexually dimorphic, eye features may be loosely linked with the development of facial sexual ornamentation. The role of sexual selection in the evolution of the observed phenomena is disputable. Significance statement It is often argued that because of their physical appearance, human eyes are crucial to interpersonal and social interactions. In many aspects, however, the significance of the human eye architecture is unclear. In this study, we examine sex differences in eye morphology and explore the link between ocular features and biometric measures of facial attractiveness in Caucasian men and women. We found that despite being sexually dimorphic, eye features may be loosely linked with biometric markers of facial attractiveness. We argue that the role of sexual selection in the evolution of the observed sex differences is disputable.

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Anxiety and ritualization: Can attention discriminate compulsion from routine?

Cited by 22 publications

References 22 publications

The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework

The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework

The biological origins of rituals: An interdisciplinary perspective

Sex differences in ocular morphology in Caucasian people: a dubious role of sexual selection in the evolution of sexual dimorphism of the human eye

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