Anxiety, Depression, and Cause-Specific Mortality: The HUNT Study

Abstract

Depression is a risk factor for all major disease-related causes of death; it is not limited to CVD mortality or suicide. Because the association between depression and cardiac mortality was comparable to the other causes of death combined and confounding and mediating factors were markedly similar, future investigation as to the mechanisms underlying the effect of depression on mortality should not be limited to CVD mortality.

Metabolic syndrome and risk of mortality in middle-aged versus elderly individuals: the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT)

“…In models adjusted for age (continuous within age groups) and sex, the HRs for non-CVD mortality were 1.47 (95% CI: 0.84-2.57), 1.05 (0.79-1.40) and 1.03 (0.80-1.34) in the three age groups, respectively, but with no significant interaction between metabolic syndrome and age (p=0.56). Second, using CVD alone as the underlying cause of death (excluding cases where CVD was merely a contributing cause of death), the number of CVD deaths was reduced from 585 to 470 (29,172 and 269 CVD deaths in the three age groups, respectively). In general, we observed similar results to those obtained using CVD as a contributing cause of death, with HRs 3.82 (1.82-8.09), 0.99 (0.73-1.34) and 1.20 (0.93-1.53) in the three age groups respectively, in models adjusted for age (continuous) and sex.…”

“…Total cholesterol was included as a continuous variable. As depression is known to increase CVD and all-cause mortality rates, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) ratings were included with the conventional caselevel for depression (≥8 out of 21 points on the depression subscale) [29].…”

The prevalence of anxiety and depression in different regions of the Russian Federation and its association with sociodemographic factors (according to the data of the ESSE-RF study)

“…Так, одни исследователи считают, что повышенный риск развития СД ассоциируется с тревогой [11], другие не выявили по-добных ассоциаций [12,13], и еще меньше согласия в во-просе о взаимосвязи тревожных расстройств и смертности [14,15]. В то же время, по данным ряда исследований, де-прессия ассоциируется со смертностью от сердечно-сосу-дистых заболеваний (ССЗ) и других причин [16].…”

Psychological distress as a risk factor for death from cerebrovascular disease

“…For example, sleeping problems have previously been associated with increased risk of death due to cardiovascular disease, 19 but the link with anxiety is less clear. 20 Although the effect estimates of psychological distress were similar for cerebrovascular and ischemic heart disease, the mechanisms might not necessarily be the same because of the differences in pathogenesis of atherosclerotic lesions in coronary and cerebral arteries. 21,22 Blood pressure is a plausible mechanism linking psychological stress and risk of stroke.…”