Anxiety Levels Amid the COVID-19 Lockdown in Saudi Arabia

Albagmi, Faisal Mashel; AlNujaidi, Heba; Shawan, Deema Saad Al

doi:10.2147/ijgm.s312465

Cited by 27 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Geographical locations that were identified as COVID-19 epicentres had higher instances of anxiety compared to non-epicentre areas [ 27 , 28 , 35 , 42 , 72 , 81 , 110 ]. Moreover, COVID-19 prevalent areas that exemplified elevated testing rates reported decreased anxiety [ 99 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anxiety Linked to COVID-19: A Systematic Review Comparing Anxiety Rates in Different Populations

Saeed

Eslami

Nassif

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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The COVID-19 pandemic has incited a rise in anxiety, with uncertainty regarding the specific impacts and risk factors across multiple populations. A qualitative systematic review was conducted to investigate the prevalence and associations of anxiety in different sample populations in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic. Four databases were utilised in the search (Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO). The review period commenced in April 2021 and was finalised on 5 July 2021. A total of 3537 studies were identified of which 87 were included in the review (sample size: 755,180). Healthcare workers had the highest prevalence of anxiety (36%), followed by university students (34.7%), the general population (34%), teachers (27.2%), parents (23.3%), pregnant women (19.5%), and police (8.79%). Risk factors such as being female, having pre-existing mental conditions, lower socioeconomic status, increased exposure to infection, and being younger all contributed to worsened anxiety. The review included studies published before July 2021; due to the ongoing nature of the COVID-19 pandemic, this may have excluded relevant papers. Restriction to only English papers and a sample size > 1000 may have also limited the range of papers included. These findings identify groups who are most vulnerable to developing anxiety in a pandemic and what specific risk factors are most common across multiple populations.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anxiety Linked to COVID-19: A Systematic Review Comparing Anxiety Rates in Different Populations

Saeed

Eslami

Nassif

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…For measuring the included adverse psychological outcomes, a total of nine tools were used. Both Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) (Alamri et al, 2020;Alghamdi et al, 2021;AlHadi et al, 2021;Alkhamees et al, 2020;Zakout et al, 2020) and General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) were used in a total of five studies each (Albagmi et al, 2021;Alqahtani et al, 2021;Alsaif et al, 2021;Alyami et al, 2021;BinDhim et al, 2021), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) in three studies (AlHusseini et al, 2021;Alyami et al, 2021;BinDhim et al, 2021). In addition, other scales such as Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) (Sonbol et al, 2021), Impact Of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) (Alkhamees et al, 2020), Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10) (Hawash et al, 2021), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (Alotaibi & Boukelia, 2021), and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Specific (PCLS) (Alshehri et al, 2020) were used in the included studies.…”

Section: Measurements Used In the Included Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although five studies reported younger age groups being at a higher risk of mental health problems (Alamri et al, 2020;Albagmi et al, 2021;AlHadi et al, 2021;Alkhamees et al, 2020;Alqahtani et al, 2021), elderly people were reported in two studies (Alyami et al, 2021;Sonbol et al, 2021). In respect to marital status, single or unmarried participants were more likely to suffer from mental disorders, as reported in six studies (Alamri et al, 2020;Albagmi et al, 2021;AlHusseini et al, 2021;Alshehri et al, 2020;Hawash et al, 2021;Sonbol et al, 2021) and divorced in one study (Alyami et al, 2021). Similarly, education level (lower), residence, income (lower), and nationality (non-Saudi) were found to be associated with mental health problems.…”

Section: Sociodemographic Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, contact with a suspected or confirmed COVID-19 case had a significant relationship with psychological illness (Alamri et al, 2020;AlHadi et al, 2021;Hawash et al, 2021). Those who had family members at higher risk of COVID-19 infection (Albagmi et al, 2021) and deaths of a family member or friend by COVID-19 (Alshehri et al, 2020) were more likely to suffer mentally. People committed to following the lockdown restrictions (Sonbol et al, 2021), being quarantined (Alamri et al, 2020), even being confirmed or suspected of COVID-19 infection (Alshehri et al, 2020) were also found as the mental illness risk factors.…”

Section: Covid-19-related Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence and factors associated with mental health problems in Saudi general population during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

et al. 2022

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This systematic review and meta-analysis generates evidence of the prevalence and associated factors of common mental disorders (i.e., depression, anxiety, and stress) related to the pandemic among the Saudi general population. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was performed in the respective databases (e.g., PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science), from 22 July to 17 August 2021, and identified a total of 220 articles. Adhering to the inclusion criteria (i.e., original research concerning the prevalence and/or associated factors of depression and/or anxiety and/or stress disorders among the general Saudi population, published in English peer-reviewed journals), 15 studies were included in this review which consisted of a total of 262,656 participants. The overall prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress was 30% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 22% to 38%, I 2 = 99.58%), 20% (95% CI: 16% to 24%, I 2 = 99.32%), and 29% (95% CI: 11% to 47%, I 2 = 99.76%), respectively. Risk factors of mental health problems were found to be female sex, younger age group, single/ divorced marital status, lower education, lower income, non-Saudis, unemployment status, students, being in a small family and living with elderly of the sociodemographic factors. Smokers, less physical activities, lower resilience, reduced immune status, chronic health problems, and psychiatric illness history were associated with a higher degree of mental health problems. In addition, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related risk factors of mental illness included lack of knowledge, fear, worry and concern, family member or friends' infection or death, lockdown restrictions, quarantine, confirmed or suspected of COVID-19 infection, and even pandemic effects. In conclusion, appropriate mental health preventive approaches for the Saudi general people are highly needed, where this review can be worthy of help by providing in detailed information to the respective authorities.

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“…The overall score range on the GAD-7 scale is 0 to 21, with 5–9 indicating mild anxiety symptoms, 10–14 indicating moderate anxiety symptoms, and 15 indicating severe anxiety symptoms. The reliability of GAD-7 in screening anxiety is reported in the Arabic language as highly consistent and with Cronbach α = 0.89 [ 37 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Symptoms of Nomophobia, Psychological Aspects, Insomnia and Physical Activity: A Cross-Sectional Study of ESports Players in Saudi Arabia

et al. 2022

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(1) Background: ESports is a new trend of sports, which has gained considerable popularity worldwide. There is a scarcity of evidence that focuses on the lifestyle of ESports players (eSP) particularly on symptoms of nomophobia, level of anxiety, sleep quality, food consumption and physical activity. (2) Objective: to determine the prevalence and relationship between symptoms of nomophobia, psychological aspects, insomnia and physical activity of eSP in Saudi Arabia. (3) Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between March and April 2021 using a convenient self-selection adult sample. A total of 893 (216 eSP vs. 677 non-eSP (NeSP)) participants aged over 18 years were included. All participants answered a seven-part validated questionnaire that included: (i) sociodemographic questions; (ii) a symptoms of nomophobia questionnaire; (iii) general anxiety disorder questions, (iv) an insomnia severity index, (v) an Internet addiction scale, (vi) the Yale food addiction scale 2.0 short form and (vii) an international physical activity questionnaire. (4) Results: Among the entire population, the prevalence of moderate to severe nomophobia, anxiety, insomnia, Internet addiction and low physical activity were 29.8%, 13.9%, 63.3%, 27% and 2.8%, respectively. The eSP and NeSP differed significantly in nomophobia scale, anxiety and insomnia values. Compared to NeSP, eSP had a higher level of severe nomophobia p = 0.003, a severe level of anxiety p = 0.025 and symptoms of insomnia p = 0.018. Except for food addiction and physical activity, a positive correlation was identified between symptoms of nomophobia, anxiety and insomnia among eSP. (5) Conclusion: This study reported high prevalence of nomophobia, anxiety and insomnia among eSP compared to NeSP.

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Anxiety Levels Amid the COVID-19 Lockdown in Saudi Arabia

Cited by 27 publications

References 12 publications

Anxiety Linked to COVID-19: A Systematic Review Comparing Anxiety Rates in Different Populations

Anxiety Linked to COVID-19: A Systematic Review Comparing Anxiety Rates in Different Populations

Prevalence and factors associated with mental health problems in Saudi general population during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Symptoms of Nomophobia, Psychological Aspects, Insomnia and Physical Activity: A Cross-Sectional Study of ESports Players in Saudi Arabia

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