Anxiety makes time pass quicker while fear has no effect

Sarigiannidis, Ioannis; Grillon, Christian; Ernst, Monique; Roiser, Jonathan P.; Robinson, Oliver J.

doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104116

Cited by 46 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Importantly, for Study 2, we calibrated our temporal cognition task to each participant to exclude the possibility that any neural differences observed were due to the properties of the different temporal intervals of the task. Our specific predictions for Study 2, were the following: 1) Induced anxiety would lead to temporal underestimation, replicating our previous finding (Sarigiannidis, Grillon, et al, 2020). Specifically, we predicted that participants would perceive the temporal intervals as shorter when under threat of shock.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…We found clear evidence that anxiety leads to underestimation of time, i.e. that time speeds up under threat of unpredictable electric shock, possibly due to the loss of temporal information (Sarigiannidis, Grillon, et al, 2020;Sarigiannidis, Kirk, et al, 2020). In the present study we extend this work to probe the neural correlates of the influence of anxiety on temporal processing using a similar bisection task.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 52%

“…cold cognition) with mixed results (Robinson et al, 2013). To this end, in a series of prior studies we demonstrated that anxiety (induced in healthy individuals using threat of unpredictable shock) reliably leads to alterations in non-emotional perception, namely temporal perception (Sarigiannidis, Grillon, et al, 2020). We found clear evidence that anxiety leads to underestimation of time, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…A power calculation (G*power version 3.1.9.2 (Faul et al, 2007)) determined the sample size based on the meta-analytic effect of threat (d=0.68) from our previous behavioural temporal bisection studies (Sarigiannidis, Grillon, et al, 2020). Given that the MRI scanner may be an anxiogenic environment, which could raise anxiety levels during the safe condition and therefore reduce condition differences, we decreased the expected effect size by ~30%…”

Section: Study 2: Modified Temporal Bisection Task Under Threat Of Shockmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Instead, the precise region(s) implicated may depend on the particular cognitive task used to probe anxiety, since multitasking interference is a result of overlapping resources (Maillet et al, 2019;Nijboer et al, 2014;Watanabe & Funahashi, 2018). We have previously argued that the impact of anxiety on time perception is driven by demands on attention, a cognitive resource both of these processes might be utilising (Sarigiannidis, Grillon, et al, 2020;Sarigiannidis, Kirk, et al, 2020). Thus, it is possible that the impact of induced anxiety on temporal perception is driven by overlap between time-and anxietyrelated neural processing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anxiety makes time pass quicker: neural correlates

Sarigiannidis

Kieslich

Grillon

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Anxiety can be an adaptive process that promotes harm avoidance. It is accompanied by shifts in cognitive processing, but the precise nature of these changes and the neural mechanisms that underlie them are not fully understood. One theory is that anxiety impairs concurrent (non-harm related) cognitive processing by commandeering finite neurocognitive resources. For example, we have previously shown that anxiety reliably speeds up time, promoting temporal underestimation, possibly due to loss of temporal information. Whether this is due anxiety overloading neurocognitive processing of time is unknown. We therefore set out to understand the neural correlates of this effect, examining whether anxiety and time processing overlap, particularly in regions of the cingulate cortex. Across two studies (an exploratory Study 1, N=13, followed by a pre-registered Study 2, N=29) we combined a well-established anxiety manipulation (threat of shock) with a temporal bisection task while participants were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Consistent with our previous work, time was perceived to pass more quickly under induced anxiety. Anxiety induction led to widespread activation in cingulate cortex, while the perception of longer intervals was associated with more circumscribed activation in a mid-cingulate area. Importantly, conjunction analysis identified convergence between anxiety and time processing in the insula and mid-cingulate cortex. These results provide tentative support for the hypothesis that anxiety impacts cognitive processing by overloading already-in-use neural resources. In particular, overloading mid-cingulate cortex capacity may drive emotion-related changes in temporal perception, consistent with the hypothesised role of this region in mediating cognitive affective and behavioural responses to anxiety.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Study 2: Modified Temporal Bisection Task Under Threat Of Shockmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anxiety makes time pass quicker: neural correlates

Sarigiannidis

Kieslich

Grillon

et al. 2020

Preprint

Self Cite

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Beyond society's desire for a slowed‐down temporal experience: Toward a nomological network of individuals' need‐for deceleration

Sager,

Timm,

Hoffmann

et al. 2023

Psychology and Marketing

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This study expands on past deceleration and slow consumption research by introducing and validating a measure of need‐for‐deceleration, an individual's motivational ability to engage in activities aimed at slowing down the perceived fast passage of time. Following initial scale development, two studies establish construct validity by placing need‐for‐deceleration into a nomological network. Results indicate that the measure correlated with, but was distinct from, variables involving negative affective states, such as state anxiety and neuroticism. Need‐for‐deceleration scores were not related to materialism, but negatively correlated with self‐efficacy, life satisfaction, work‐life balance, and conscientiousness. Correlations were positive with need‐for‐uniqueness, future time orientation, and susceptibility to normative influence. Need‐for‐deceleration was also associated with regulatory focus (positively with prevention, and negatively with promotion focus). To explore criterion validity, a third study establishes associations between need‐for‐deceleration and consumer lifestyle variables. Developing and validating the scale can help researching and managing products relating to the consumption of time, wellness, mindfulness, and simplicity.

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The role of arousal in the estimation of time‐to‐collision of threatening stimuli

Li,

Xuan,

Bruns

et al. 2024

PsyCh Journal

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The accurate estimation of time‐to‐collision (TTC) is essential for the survival of organisms. Previous studies have revealed that the emotional properties of approaching stimuli can influence the estimation of TTC, indicating that approaching threatening stimuli are perceived to collide with the observers earlier than they actually do, and earlier than non‐threatening stimuli. However, not only are threatening stimuli more negative in valence, but they also have higher arousal compared to non‐threatening stimuli. Up to now, the effect of arousal on TTC estimation remains unclear. In addition, inconsistent findings may result from the different experimental settings employed in previous studies. To investigate whether the underestimation of TTC is attributed to threat or high arousal, three experiments with the same settings were conducted. In Experiment 1, the underestimation of TTC estimation of threatening stimuli was replicated when arousal was not controlled, in comparison to non‐threatening stimuli. In Experiments 2 and 3, the underestimation effect of threatening stimuli disappeared when compared to positive stimuli with similar arousal. These findings suggest that being threatening alone is not sufficient to explain the underestimation effect, and arousal also plays a significant role in the TTC estimation of approaching stimuli. Further studies are required to validate the effect of arousal on TTC estimation, as no difference was observed in Experiment 3 between the estimated TTC of high and low arousal stimuli.

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Anxiety makes time pass quicker while fear has no effect

Cited by 46 publications

References 44 publications

Anxiety makes time pass quicker: neural correlates

Anxiety makes time pass quicker: neural correlates

Beyond society's desire for a slowed‐down temporal experience: Toward a nomological network of individuals' need‐for deceleration

The role of arousal in the estimation of time‐to‐collision of threatening stimuli

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