Anxiety risk SNPs on chromosome 2 modulate arousal in children in a fear generalization paradigm

Reinhard, Julia; Drepper, Carsten; Weber, Heike; Schiele, Miriam A.; Kneer, Katharina; Mittermeier, Anna; Frey, Lillien; Reif, Andreas; Pauli, Paul; Domschke, Katharina; Deckert, Jürgen; Romanos, Marcel

doi:10.1007/s00787-019-01458-7

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Only a few studies have been published on fear learning and generalization in children and adolescents so far [10,[23][24][25]. These studies suggest (a) stronger fear responses in anxious youth compared to non-anxious controls [26] as well as (b) overgeneralization in healthy children compared to adults [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fear conditioning and stimulus generalization in association with age in children and adolescents

Reinhard

Slyschak

Schiele

et al. 2021

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

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The aim of the study was to investigate age-related differences in fear learning and generalization in healthy children and adolescents (n = 133), aged 8–17 years, using an aversive discriminative fear conditioning and generalization paradigm adapted from Lau et al. (2008). In the current task, participants underwent 24 trials of discriminative conditioning of two female faces with neutral facial expressions, with (CS+) or without (CS−) a 95-dB loud female scream, presented simultaneously with a fearful facial expression (US). The discriminative conditioning was followed by 72 generalization trials (12 CS+, 12 GS1, 12 GS2, 12 GS3, 12 GS4, and 12 CS−): four generalization stimuli depicting gradual morphs from CS+ to CS− in 20%-steps were created for the generalization phases. We hypothesized that generalization in children and adolescents is negatively correlated with age. The subjective ratings of valence, arousal, and US expectancy (the probability of an aversive noise following each stimulus), as well as skin conductance responses (SCRs) were measured. Repeated-measures ANOVAs on ratings and SCR amplitudes were calculated with the within-subject factors stimulus type (CS+, CS−, GS1-4) and phase (Pre-Acquisition, Acquisition 1, Acquisition 2, Generalization 1, Generalization 2). To analyze the modulatory role of age, we additionally calculated ANCOVAs considering age as covariate. Results indicated that (1) subjective and physiological responses were generally lower with increasing age irrespective to the stimulus quality, and (2) stimulus discrimination improved with increasing age paralleled by reduced overgeneralization in older individuals. Longitudinal follow-up studies are required to analyze fear generalization with regard to brain maturational aspects and clarify whether overgeneralization of conditioned fear promotes the development of anxiety disorders or vice versa.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fear conditioning and stimulus generalization in association with age in children and adolescents

Reinhard

Slyschak

Schiele

et al. 2021

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

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“…Within the field of medicine, momentum is shifting from general reactive-based clinical practices to precision medicine, defined as personalized treatment based on an individual patient's disease and needs [25][26][27]. Specialty practices outside of nephrology, such as oncology or psychiatry, have been faster to embrace advances in genome-wide sequencing, big-data analytics, and haplotype analysis [28][29][30]. Changes in therapeutic management behavior in peer practitioners is often a necessary step to normalize clinical genomic usage [31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implementation of a Renal Precision Medicine Program: Clinician Attitudes and Acceptance

Spiech

Tripathy

Woodcock

et al. 2020

Life

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A precision health initiative was implemented across a multi-hospital health system, wherein a panel of genetic variants was tested and utilized in the clinical care of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Pharmacogenomic predictors of antihypertensive response and genomic predictors of CKD were provided to clinicians caring for nephrology patients. To assess clinician knowledge, attitudes, and willingness to act on genetic testing results, a Likert-scale survey was sent to and self-administered by these nephrology providers (N = 76). Most respondents agreed that utilizing pharmacogenomic-guided antihypertensive prescribing is valuable (4.0 ± 0.7 on a scale of 1 to 5, where 5 indicates strong agreement). However, the respondents also expressed reluctance to use genetic testing for CKD risk stratification due to a perceived lack of supporting evidence (3.2 ± 0.9). Exploratory sub-group analyses associated this reluctance with negative responses to both knowledge and attitude discipline questions, thus suggesting reduced exposure to and comfort with genetic information. Given the evolving nature of genomic implementation in clinical care, further education is warranted to help overcome these perception barriers.

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“…After a literature search, it is clear that there is a paucity of psychological studies on False Alarm. For example, Reinhard et al (2020) believed that the False Alarm of fear had the same function as the generalization of fear, both of which can enhance the alertness of an individual to better deal with threatening stimuli. Lissek et al (2010Lissek et al ( , 2014 believed that patients with a generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, specific phobias, or other psychological diseases had a significantly higher probability of False Alarm than healthy individuals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of False Alarm in Response to Fear Stimulus: An Event-Related Potential Study

Wang

Sun

Yang

et al. 2022

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Background and ObjectiveThere is a paucity of research that has explored “False Alarm” mechanisms. In order to remedy this deficiency in knowledge, the present study used event-related potential (ERP) technology to reveal the mechanisms underlying False Alarm in response to fear stimuli.MethodsThis study selected snakes as experimental materials and the “oddball paradigm” was used to simulate the conditions of False Alarm. The mechanism underlying False Alarm was revealed by comparing cognitive processing similarities and differences between real snakes and toy snakes.ResultsEvent-related potential findings demonstrated that there was no significant difference between N1 and P2 components induced by real and toy snakes in the early processing stage. Compared with toy snakes, real snakes induced smaller N2 amplitude, larger P3 amplitude, and a shorter P3 latency at the late processing stage. The results of brain topographic mapping analysis showed that the brain regions activated by a real or toy snake were basically the same within the time windows of 110–150 and 220–270 ms, respectively. In the time window of 300–360 and 400–500 ms, the degree of brain regions activation with a real snake was significantly greater than that induced by a toy snake.ConclusionFalse Alarm is caused by the brain’s inability to distinguish, in the early stage of cognitive processing, stimulus objects with similar appearances. When the brain is able to distinguish the differences between different stimulus objects in the late stage of cognitive processing, False Alarm disappears.

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Anxiety risk SNPs on chromosome 2 modulate arousal in children in a fear generalization paradigm

Cited by 3 publications

References 45 publications

Fear conditioning and stimulus generalization in association with age in children and adolescents

Fear conditioning and stimulus generalization in association with age in children and adolescents

Implementation of a Renal Precision Medicine Program: Clinician Attitudes and Acceptance

Mechanisms of False Alarm in Response to Fear Stimulus: An Event-Related Potential Study

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