Anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of Bacillus coagulans Unique IS-2 mediate via reshaping of microbiome gut-brain axis in rats

SCFAs Supplementation Rescues Anxiety- and Depression-like Phenotypes Generated by Fecal Engraftment of Treatment-Resistant Depression Rats

“…The CUMS procedure has already been described in our earlier study . Briefly, rats were exposed to multiple unpredictable mild stress conditions.…”

“…Streptavidin peroxidase was used to amplify the signals, which were detected using diaminobenzidine chromogen. The slides were dehydrated with alcohols and xylene, counterstained with hematoxylin, and mounted in DPX …”

“…The CUMS procedure has already been described in our earlier study. 90 Briefly, rats were exposed to multiple unpredictable mild stress conditions. These stresses were given in a pseudorandom manner for a period of 6 weeks.…”

“…The slides were dehydrated with alcohols and xylene, counterstained with hematoxylin, and mounted in DPX. 91 Quantification of Metabolites and Neurotransmitters Using LC− MS/MS. The LC−MS/MS analysis was carried out using a Thermo Scientific Vanquish LC System coupled with a TSQ Quantis Plus triple quadrupole mass spectrometer.…”

The correlation between gut microbiota and both neurotransmitters and mental disorders: A narrative review

“…A brief introduction Schizophrenia is a significant cause of disability with varied causes, and gut microbiome has been linked to its development [45][46][47][48][49][50] Depression is a prevalent cause of disability worldwide, with the gut microbiome being implicated in its pathogenesis [60][61][62] Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a prevalent and enduring type of anxiety, affecting 4%-6% of the total population [70] Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects social interaction and communication and is typically identified in early childhood [1,5,77,78] Neurotransmitters involved in the mental disorders Impairment in the tryptophan to serotonin conversion pathway is plausibly linked to schizophrenia [9] Researchers suggest that d-serine could be associated with schizophrenia [54,57] The role of GABAergic transmission in schizophrenia has recently risen in significance [54] Tryptophan and Serotonin are centrally involved in the pathogenesis of depression [9] Modifying dopamine levels may have therapeutic applications for depression [21] GABA has been associated with treating depression [31] Glutamatergic signaling has been linked to depression [42,44] Tryptophan and serotonin also play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of anxiety [9] Modifying dopamine levels can have therapeutic applications for anxiety [21] GABA can also reduce anxiety [31] Modifying dopamine levels can have therapeutic applications on autism [21] Glutamate metabolization may be linked to autism [38,42] Microbiota effect on the neurotransmitters -Numerous bacterial species have reportedly expressed serotonin-synthesizing properties [14] -Gut commensal strains Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium have been found able to produce GABA [54] -Altering gut microbial may modify the metabolism of d-amino acids…”