Ap endonucleases and dna glycosylases that recognize oxidative dna damage

Wallace, Susan S.

doi:10.1002/em.2860120411

Cited by 256 publications

(144 citation statements)

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“…Later, the gene for endonuclease VIII (nei) was isolated (Jiang et al, 1997;Saito et al, 1997). Endonuclease VIII is present in extracts of E. coli at 5 to 10% of the level of endonuclease III and is responsible for the repair of 10% of the thymine glycol in E. coli Wallace, 1988).…”

Section: Dna Repair Pathways and Antioxidant Defense Systems Base Excmentioning

confidence: 99%

Several pathways of hydrogen peroxide action that damage the E. coli genome

Asad

Almeida

et al. 2004

Genet. Mol. Biol.

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Hydrogen peroxide is an important reactive oxygen species (ROS) that arises either during the aerobic respiration process or as a by-product of water radiolysis after exposure to ionizing radiation. The reaction of hydrogen peroxide with transition metals imposes on cells an oxidative stress condition that can result in damage to cell components such as proteins, lipids and principally to DNA, leading to mutagenesis and cell death. Escherichia coli cells are able to deal with these adverse events via DNA repair mechanisms, which enable them to recover their genome integrity. These include base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair (NER) and recombinational repair. Other important defense mechanisms present in Escherichia coli are OxyR and SosRS anti-oxidant inducible pathways, which are elicited by cells to avoid the introduction of oxidative lesions by hydrogen peroxide. This review summarizes the phenomena of lethal synergism between UV irradiation (254 nm) and H 2 O 2 , the cross-adaptive response between different classes of genotoxic agents and hydrogen peroxide, and the role of copper ions in the lethal response to H 2 O 2 under low-iron conditions. Key words: hydrogen peroxide, cross-adaptive response, lethal synergism, copper and iron. General AspectsThe appearance of aerobic forms of life was an important step in the evolutionary process, since oxygen consumption leads to the production of ten-fold more energy from glucose than does anaerobic metabolism (Meneghini, 1987). However, this process imposes constraints on cell viability, because of the generation of reactive oxygen species during respiration.The consecutive univalent reduction of molecular oxygen to water produces three active intermediates: superoxide anion (O 2 -• ), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and hydroxyl radical (OH • ). These intermediates, collectively referred to as reactive oxygen species (ROS) are potent oxidants of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids (Halliwell and Gutteridge, 1984;Mello-Filho and Meneghini, 1985;Meneghini, 1988). Among the oxidative DNA lesions, one of the major classes of DNA damage leads to modification in purine and pyrimidine bases, together with oligonucleotide strand breaks, DNA-protein cross-links and abasic sites. Increasing evidence suggests that the cumulative damage caused by ROS contributes to numerous degenerative diseases associated with aging, such as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and cancer (Ames et al., 1993;Halliwell and Gutteridge, 1999).Living organisms have developed specific mechanisms to prevent the production and effects of ROS. The reduction of O 2 by cytochrome oxidase without yielding ROS, the superoxide dismutase catalysis of O 2 -• into H 2 O 2 through a dismutation reaction, the decomposition of H 2 O 2 by catalase and peroxidases, and the scavenging of ROS by some vitamins comprise part of the set of cellular antioxidant defenses (Halliwell and Gutteridge, 1999). Synthesis of the enzymes that catalyze these reactions is a part of the adaptive response tr...

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Section: Dna Repair Pathways and Antioxidant Defense Systems Base Excmentioning

confidence: 99%

Several pathways of hydrogen peroxide action that damage the E. coli genome

Asad

Almeida

et al. 2004

Genet. Mol. Biol.

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“…Thus, there may be as many as three routes to thymine glycol repair: endo III; exonuclease III and endo IV; and SOS (13). These results indicate that thymine glycol sites can be repaired in vivo in organisms ranging from E. coli to mammals.The presence of thymine glycol in DNA can have profound consequences on DNA replication (9,13,(23)(24)(25)(26)(27). The presence of thymine glycol is a block to replication (23-28).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…These activities form the basis for using radiation in chemotherapy, and the research in this area has been frequently reviewed (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13). Since the mid-1950s there have been studies on the effects of ionizing radiation on the chemical integrity of DNA (4,5,7,9,14). Ionizing radiation can induce a number of types of damage to DNA including single and double strand breaks, oxidation of the purine and pyrimidine bases, and cross-linking of DNA with proteins.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presence of thymine glycol in DNA can have profound consequences on DNA replication (9,13,(23)(24)(25)(26)(27). The presence of thymine glycol is a block to replication (23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The base 3Ј to a thymine glycol is apparently also important in determining the extent of the block to replication (28). There is also evidence that dA is the residue placed opposite thymine glycol by DNA polymerase (9,13,23).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Structure of a Duplex DNA Containing a Thymine Glycol Residue in Solution

Kung

Bolton

1997

Journal of Biological Chemistry

105

114

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Oxidative stress, ionizing radiation, and other events can induce the oxidation of the thymine in DNA to thymine glycol. The presence of thymine glycol can have significant biological consequences, and there are specific repair enzymes for thymine glycol in a wide range of organisms. The structure of a duplex DNA containing a single thymine glycol (5,6-dihydroxy-5,6-dihydrothymidine) has been determined by the combined use of NMR and restrained molecular dynamics. The duplex of d(C 1 G 2 C 3 G 4 A 5 Tg 6 A 7 C 8 G 9 C 10 C 11 ) paired with d(G 22 C 21 G 20 -C 19 T 18 A 17 T 16 G 15 C 14 G 13 G 12 ), with Tg indicating thymine glycol, has been used for these studies. The structure shows that the thymine glycol induces a significant, localized structural change with the thymine glycol largely extrahelical. This structural information is consistent with the biological consequences of thymine glycol in DNA. This structure is compared with that of a DNA duplex with an abasic site in the same sequence context.Damage to DNA can occur by the spontaneous deamination of cytosine to uracil and through the action of alkylating agents, oxidants, drugs, and toxins, ionizing radiation, and other modes of action (1-3). The exposure of DNA in cells bound to proteins as a solid or free in solution to ionizing radiation or to oxidative stress can lead to the conversion of thymine to thymine glycol (5,6-dihydroxy-5,6-dihydrothymidine). Approximately 10 -20% of the damage to DNA induced by ionizing radiation, including that used to treat tumors, is the result of thymine base oxidation and fragmentation. These products can also be produced by oxidative stress. In addition, the importance of damaged DNA as a control on the cell cycle is increasingly becoming a focus of research efforts so that the effects of damaged thymines on the structures, stabilities, dynamics, and interactions of DNA are of interest.It has been known for several decades that ionizing radiation can stop the reproduction of cells as well as kill cells. These activities form the basis for using radiation in chemotherapy, and the research in this area has been frequently reviewed (1-13). Since the mid-1950s there have been studies on the effects of ionizing radiation on the chemical integrity of DNA (4,5,7,9, 14). Ionizing radiation can induce a number of types of damage to DNA including single and double strand breaks, oxidation of the purine and pyrimidine bases, and cross-linking of DNA with proteins. Radiation-generated oxidants are thought to react with thymine to lead to the formation of thymine glycol, thymine peroxide, thymine hydroperoxide, and other oxidized forms of the base. Some of these oxidized forms of thymine subsequently react further to form urea. Some of the same types of damage also occurs to DNA during oxidative stress (5,15,16).The damage to the thymine bases in DNA is of special interest because the major forms of damaged thymine are known; thymine is the most easily oxidized base, and many of the biological consequences of damaged thymines a...

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