Apartheid and health in the 1980s

Andersson, Neil; Marks, Shula

doi:10.1016/0277-9536(87)90327-3

Cited by 31 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…These issues of accuracy in death reporting affect estimates of disparities in the cause-of-death profiles of white and non-white infants. Most centrally, rural African infants perish at much higher rates from preventable, post-neonatal causes than more socioeconomically-advantaged white infants and those born to urban residents (Andersson & Marks, 1988). These issues illustrate three of the challenges we discussed in our review.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges of health measurement in studies of health disparities

Burgard

Chen

2014

Social Science & Medicine

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Health disparities are increasingly studied in and across a growing array of societies. While novel contexts and comparisons are a promising development, this commentary highlights four challenges to finding appropriate and adequate health measures when making comparisons across groups within a society or across distinctive societies. These challenges affect the accuracy with which we characterize the degree of inequality, limiting possibilities for effectively targeting resources to improve health and reduce disparities. First, comparisons may be challenged by different distributions of disease and second, by variation in the availability and quality of vital events and census data often used to measure health. Third, the comparability of self-reported information about specific health conditions may vary across social groups or societies because of diagnosis bias or diagnosis avoidance. Fourth, self-reported overall health measures or measures of specific symptoms may not be comparable across groups if they use different reference groups or interpret questions or concepts differently. We explain specific issues that make up each type of challenge and show how they may lead to underestimates or inflation of estimated health disparities. We also discuss approaches that have been used to address them in prior research, note where further innovation is needed to solve lingering problems, and make recommendations for improving future research. Many of our examples are drawn from South Africa or the United States, societies characterized by substantial socioeconomic inequality across ethnic groups and wide disparities in many health outcomes, but the issues explored throughout apply to a wide variety of contexts and inquiries.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges of health measurement in studies of health disparities

Burgard

Chen

2014

Social Science & Medicine

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“…The state monopoly of trade enabled scarce goods to be reserved for allocation to such favoured persons 126 . Other examples of measures of particular importance in specific regions/countries would include particular groups who suffer from marginalization, such as the Roma across Europe 12 7 or Black people under Apartheid in South Africa 128 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring socio-economic position for epidemiological studies in low- and middle-income countries: a methods of measurement in epidemiology paper

Howe

Galobardes

Matijasevich

et al. 2012

International Journal of Epidemiology

483

479

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Much has been written about the measurement of socio-economic position (SEP) in high-income countries (HIC). Less has been written for an epidemiology, health systems and public health audience about the measurement of SEP in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). The social stratification processes in many LMIC—and therefore the appropriate measurement tools—differ considerably from those in HIC. Many measures of SEP have been utilized in epidemiological studies; the aspects of SEP captured by these measures and the pathways through which they may affect health are likely to be slightly different but overlapping. No single measure of SEP will be ideal for all studies and contexts; the strengths and limitations of a given indicator are likely to vary according to the specific research question. Understanding the general properties of different indicators, however, is essential for all those involved in the design or interpretation of epidemiological studies. In this article, we describe the measures of SEP used in LMIC. We concentrate on measures of individual or household-level SEP rather than area-based or ecological measures such as gross domestic product. We describe each indicator in terms of its theoretical basis, interpretation, measurement, strengths and limitations. We also provide brief comparisons between LMIC and HIC for each measure.

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“…During the Middle Ages there were reports of rabies in parts of northern Europe and it infected foxes and wolves as well as domestic 10 For example, Cranefield, 1991;Beinart, 1997;Gilfoyle, 2003. 11 For example, Andersson and Marks, 1988;Marks, 2002. 12 For example Beinart, 2000;Beinart and McGregor, 2003;Carruthers, 2006. dogs.…”

Section: Rabies and Its Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Rabid Epidemiologies: The Emergence and Resurgence of Rabies in Twentieth Century South Africa

Brown

2010

J Hist Biol

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This article discusses the history of rabies in South Africa since the early twentieth century. It argues that rabies is a zoonotic disease that traverses rural and urban spaces, that transfers itself between wild and domestic animals and remains a potential threat to human life in the region. Scientists discovered an indigenous form of rabies, found primarily in the yellow mongoose, after the first biomedically confirmed human fatalities in 1928. Since the 1950s canine rabies, presumed to have moved southwards from across the Zambezi River, has become endemic also. South Africa is home to a comparatively large number of rabies strains and animal carriers, making it a particularly interesting case study. Environmental changes during the colonial and apartheid periods have helped to explain the increase in rabies cases since the mid-twentieth century. Moreover, developments in the biological and ecological sciences have provided insights into why the rabies virus has become endemic in certain wildlife species.

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Apartheid and health in the 1980s

Cited by 31 publications

References 4 publications

Challenges of health measurement in studies of health disparities

Challenges of health measurement in studies of health disparities

Measuring socio-economic position for epidemiological studies in low- and middle-income countries: a methods of measurement in epidemiology paper

Rabid Epidemiologies: The Emergence and Resurgence of Rabies in Twentieth Century South Africa

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