Apatite Glass-Ceramics: A Review

Abstract

This article is a review of the published literature on apatite glass-ceramics (GCs). Topics covered include crystallization mechanisms of the various families of apatite GCs and an update on research and development on apatite GCs for applications in orthopedics, dentistry, optoelectronics, and nuclear waste management. Most apatite GCs crystallize through a homogenous nucleation and crystallization mechanism, which is aided by a prior liquid-liquid phase separation. Careful control of the base glass composition and heat-treatment conditions, which determine the nature and morphology of the crystal phases in the GC can produce GC materials with exceptional thermal, mechanical, optical, and biological properties. The GCs reviewed for orthopedic applications exhibit suitable mechanical properties and can chemically bond to bone and stimulate its regeneration. The most commercially successful apatite GCs are those developed for dental veneering. These materials exhibit excellent translucency and clinical esthetics and mimic the natural tooth mineral. Due to the ease of solid solution of the apatite lattice, rare earth doped apatite GCs are discussed for potential applications in optoelectronics and nuclear waste management. One of the drawbacks of the commercial apatite GCs used in orthopedics is the lack of resorbability; therefore, the review provides a direction for future research in the field.

Optoelectronics and defect levels in hydroxyapatite by first-principles

“…It results from transitions from the topmost O(2p) states shown between 1-2 eV in the DOS plot, to the Ca(3d)-related bands. The structure displayed in ǫ (2) ∞ below 15 eV arises from transitions involving the several O(2p) bands in the valence to the broad Ca(3d) DOS (see also Fig. 4).…”

“…Ceramics based on calcium apatites are important materials in health care, biology, ecology and catalysis. 1,2 Among the apatites, hydroxyapatite (HAp) is singled out as the main component of vertebrate bones and teeth. Due to its innate bio-activity, HAp became a widely used biomaterial in medicine, with applications on bone and dental implants (for instance as filler and coating material), [3][4][5] as well as an absorbent for liquid chromatography.…”

Field Strength of Network-Modifying Cation Dictates the Structure of (Na-Mg) Aluminosilicate Glasses

“…Aluminosilicate glasses are important materials with a wide range of technological applications, and the study of their structure holds significant scientific interest. Due to their desirable refractory, mechanical, dielectric, chemical, and optical properties, they are commercially used as refractory glass-ceramics (Baker et al, 2006;Beall, 2009;Wu et al, 2018), bioactive glass-ceramics (Verné et al, 2000;Duminis et al, 2017;Nakane and Kawamoto, 2017), container glasses (Mallick and Holland, 2005), liquid crystal display (LCD) substrates (Lamberson, 2016), optical and laser materials (Gorni et al, 2017;Peng et al, 2019), and as host matrices for nuclear wastes (Frankel et al, 2018;Piovesan et al, 2018). In the field of geo-chemistry, they can be considered as frozen model systems for mantle melts and thus, their study can provide significant insights into magmatic processes and the thermal evolution of the earth's mantle (Lee et al, 2016;Genova et al, 2017;Losq et al, 2017;Nakane and Kawamoto, 2017).…”

Investigating Cationic Distribution, Defect Structure and Phosphor Characteristics of Na2Sm2Ca6(PO4)6F2

“…Apatites are a class of naturally occurring phosphate and fluoride based minerals with the general formula M 10 (PO 4 ) 6 X 2 , where M= Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ , Ba 2+ , X= OH − , Cl − , F − and can be used for the nuclear waste immobilization purpose .…”

“…Apatites are a class of naturally occurring phosphate and fluoride based minerals with the general formula M 10 (PO 4 ) 6 X 2 , where M = Ca 2 + , Sr 2 + , Ba 2 + , X = OH À , Cl À , F À and can be used for the nuclear waste immobilization purpose. [14][15][16][17] The apatite structure can tolerate non-stoichiometry in their cation and anion sub-lattices by incorporating cations and anions from the waste solutions to a large extent without collapsing the crystal structure. [18] Fluorapatite with the chemical formula Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 F 2 is one of the most abundant and naturally occurring stable apatite mineral and can retains significant actinides and fission products.…”