Apelin inhibits adipogenesis and lipolysis through distinct molecular pathways

Apelin Attenuates Oxidative Stress in Human Adipocytes

“…Moreover, ROS stimulates lipolysis by recruiting the hormone sensitive lipase to the lipid droplets (13,78), resulting in increased release of free fatty acids which, in turn, leads to increase of ROS generation and insulin resistance (79,80). We have previously shown that apelin suppresses adipogenesis and lipolysis (22). Our current study implies that the antioxidant effects of apelin can attenuate ROS-induced adipogenesis, lipogenesis, lipolysis, and release of free fatty acids.…”

“…Apelin's functional effects are mediated by G protein-coupled APJ receptor, which is expressed by APLNR gene (33). We have previously demonstrated that apelin suppresses the adipocyte release of free fatty acids-one of the main contributors to the development of insulin resistance (22). Since excess ROS such as hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and superoxide radical (O 2 . )…”

“…Through interaction with G-protein coupled APJ receptors, apelin plays important roles in regulating energy metabolism, and has been recognized with its anti-obesity and anti-diabetic properties (18). Apelin, for examples, promotes glucose utilization and fatty acid oxidation in muscles of insulin-resistant mice (19,20), stimulates insulin signaling pathways and glycogen synthesis in hepatocytes and liver tissues of mice (21), and suppresses adipogenesis and lipolysis (22). Interestingly, apelin has also been shown to alleviate oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (23,24).…”

Low Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound (LIPUS) Influences the Multilineage Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem and Progenitor Cell Lines through ROCK-Cot/Tpl2-MEK-ERK Signaling Pathway

“…For example, stimulation with oncostatin M inhibited C/EBP␤-induced adipogenic differentiation through ERK signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (51). Furthermore, apelin suppresses adipogenic differentiation through an ERK-dependent pathway in preadipocytes and mature adipocytes (52). In contrast, however, other previ- ous studies have shown that ERK activation has promotive effects on adipogenic differentiation.…”

Apelin Enhances Brown Adipogenesis and Browning of White Adipocytes

“…Apelin injection decreases WAT mass and serum triglyceride level in obese mice, whereas apelin knock-out mice have augmented body adiposity and serum free fatty acid levels (28). Apelin also suppresses white adipocyte differentiation and lipolysis (28,29). The antagonistic effects of apelin on dietinduced obesity and insulin resistance are attributable to its stimulation on UCP1 expression in BAT and body energy expenditure (30,31).…”