APGA Members' Measured Client and Organizational Commitments and Professional Orientation

McMILLIAN, Marvin E.; Shertzer, Bruce

doi:10.1002/j.2164-4918.1978.tb05090.x

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…There seems to be a consistently demonstrated need for increased counselor exposure to the legal (Jagim et al, 1978) and ethical (McMillan & Shertzer, 1978;Shertzer & Morris, 1972;Tymchuk et al, 1980) issues involved in counseling. This study provides evidence of the need for additional preparation in these areas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…behavioral alternative was available. In a subsequent study, Thus, counselors apparently do differ in their personal re-McMillan and Shertzer (1978) focused on counselor decision sponses to ethical conflicts, and the presence of clear legal guidemaking in conflicts between organizational and individual prior-lines may affect counselor behavior in such conflicts. Usually in ities and found that counselors turned to a personal (unwritten) these studies, the antecedents of counselor decisions were unrather than a professional standard in conflict situations.…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

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Effects of Pressure and Legal Guideline Clarity on Counselor Decision Making in Legal and Ethical Conflict Situations

Hinkeldey

Spokane

1985

Jour of Counseling & Develop

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In one of the few empirical studies of legal issues, Jagim, designed specifically for the conflict situation in question. These options Wittman, and Noll (1978) appraised mental health professionals' corresponded to five decision styles postulated by Janis and Mann (1977) knowledge of and attitudes toward issues of confidentiality, (unconflicted adherence, unconflicted change, defensive avoidance, hy-privilege, and third-party disclosure. Most participants conpervigilance, and vigilance). The 2 × 2 analyses of variance with curred on the professional obligation to keep client information repeated measures of these likelihood responses revealed significant main confidential, but fully half of the respondents misinterpreted effects for pressure and for legal guideline clarity for responses to conflict the concept of privilege. (Although privilege refers to the legal and significant interaction effects (pressure × clarity). In general, right of the professional to refuse to reveal confidential inforpressure tended to increase unconflicted change and hypervigilance and mation under certain circumstances, it is actually the client's to decrease unconflicted adherence. Clarity of legal guidelines had few right, and it may be waived by the client at any time.) A majority effects on decision responses. Consistent with Janis and Mann's theory, of the respondents favored disclosure to a third party in cases results showed that decision making was affected negatively by pressure of child abuse or duty to warn (as in the case of Tarasoff v. Regents but that participants relied little on legal guidelines in making responses of University of California, 1976). In a related study (Swoboda, to ethical conflict dilemmas. Elwork, Sales, & Levine, 1978), knowledge of and compliance with laws about child abuse reporting were examined. Results T he ways in which counselors react in ethical or legal showed that many mental health professionals were unfamiliar conflict situations have been studied frequently over the with both the privileged communication laws and the child abuse last decade. For example, Shertzer and Morris (1972) reporting regulations of their states. The authors noted that even examined counselors' ability to make ethical discriminations and when professionals are aware of the legal issues involved in concluded that they could choose appropriate ethical responses decision making, they may still choose to ignore them in favor when faced with a situation in which more than one plausible of their personal standards. behavioral alternative was available. In a subsequent study, Thus, counselors apparently do differ in their personal re-McMillan and Shertzer (1978) focused on counselor decision sponses to ethical conflicts, and the presence of clear legal guidemaking in conflicts between organizational and individual prior-lines may affect counselor behavior in such conflicts. Usually in ities and found that counselors turned to a personal (unwritten) these studies, the antecedents of counselor decisions were unrather t...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 96%

Effects of Pressure and Legal Guideline Clarity on Counselor Decision Making in Legal and Ethical Conflict Situations

Hinkeldey

Spokane

1985

Jour of Counseling & Develop

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“…Speculating from data collected from a sample of American Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA) members, McMillian and Shertzer (1978) suggest that APGA members have adopted a basically middle-of-the-road position with respect to conflicting loyalties. That is, the members recognize the limitations placed on them by their employing institutions, but within those limitations, they are oriented toward their commitment to the client.…”

Section: A Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is suggested, first, that the APGA Ethical Standards be revised to include a clearer statement of the Association's positions on this issue of conflicting loyalties. If, indeed, counselors are adopting a middle-of-the-road posture with respect to conflicting loyalties (McMillian & Shertzer, 1978) and are adjusting their ethics to fit those of their employing organization (Smith, 1958), then it seems reasonable to speculate that the lack of a clear statement of the Association's stance may be a contributing factor. This is not to suggest, of course, that a statement of the Association's stance alone is sufficient remedy for counselor equivocation in matters of conflicting loyalties.…”

Section: A Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conflicting Loyalties: A Literature Review

McMILLIAN¹

1979

The Personnel and Guidance Journal

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Because most counselors are employees of institutions and agencies rather than private practitioners, the problem of dual, sometimes conflicting, allegiance to the employer and to the client has long been an issue. The ethical code of the American Personnel and Guidance Association acknowledges this ambiguity, but it does not offer precise directions for its resolution. It is assumed that counselors may turn to the professional literature for direction to resolve the dilemma. This article surveys the relevant literature in an attempt to discover the nature of the direction available to counselors as they deal with conflicting loyalties.

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The Effect of Number and Type of Consulted Relationships on the Ethical Decision Making of Graduate Students in Counseling

Cottone

Tarvydas

House

1994

Counseling and Values

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The effect of number and type of consulted relationships on ethical decision making was assessed. Six versions of a 7-point Likert-type instrument were used. The instrument, The Decision-Making Questionnaire, measured a change in decision from a neutral condition to reassessment of thedecision under one ofsix conditions, measuring different relationship effects by number and typeof consulted relationships. Scores changed significantly and linearly according to the number of consulted relationships. Additionally, a two-way interaction between number (2 or 3) and type of consulted relationships (individual or conjoint) was found.

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APGA Members' Measured Client and Organizational Commitments and Professional Orientation

Cited by 4 publications

References 3 publications

Effects of Pressure and Legal Guideline Clarity on Counselor Decision Making in Legal and Ethical Conflict Situations

Effects of Pressure and Legal Guideline Clarity on Counselor Decision Making in Legal and Ethical Conflict Situations

Conflicting Loyalties: A Literature Review

The Effect of Number and Type of Consulted Relationships on the Ethical Decision Making of Graduate Students in Counseling

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