APIFLAME v1.0: high-resolution fire emission model and application to the Euro-Mediterranean region

Turquety, Solène; Menut, Laurent; Bessagnet, Bertrand; Anav, Alessandro; Viovy, Nicolas; Maignan, Fabienne; Wooster, Martin J.

doi:10.5194/gmd-7-587-2014

Cited by 72 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 63 publications

(100 reference statements)

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“…The uncertainties concerning fire emissions are high, due to the accumulation of uncertainties on the emission factors, the area burned, the type of vegetation, etc. The uncertainty in the daily carbon emission is estimated at 100 % (Turquety et al, 2014), and using different inventories can lead to differences from −70 to 450 % for outputs concentrations of CO (Daskalakis et al, 2015). The injection height can also be a source of uncertainty, as it can impact the transport pathway of a fire plume.…”

Section: Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fire emissions are calculated using the APIFLAME v1.0 emissions model, described in Turquety et al (2014), with a classical approach of multiplying the burned area by the fuel load consumed and the emission factors specific to the vegetation burned. Fire emissions are injected homogeneously onto the boundary layer for this study.…”

Section: Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vegetation fires (recurrent in eastern and southern Europe during spring and summer) are also a significant additional source of PM (Turquety et al, 2014), with consequences on air quality throughout the basin (Pace et al, 2005;Hodzic et al, 2007;Barnaba et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Source contributions to 2012 summertime aerosols in the Euro-Mediterranean region

et al. 2015

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Abstract. In the Mediterranean area, aerosols may originate from anthropogenic or natural emissions (biogenic, mineral dust, fire and sea salt) before undergoing complex chemistry. In case of a huge pollution event, it is important to know whether European pollution limits are exceeded and, if so, whether the pollution is due to anthropogenic or natural sources. In this study, the relative contribution of emissions to surface PM 10 , surface PM 2.5 and total aerosol optical depth (AOD) is quantified. For Europe and the Mediterranean regions and during the summer of 2012, the WRF and CHIMERE models are used to perform a sensitivity analysis on a 50 km resolution domain (from −10 • W to 40 • E and from 30 • N to 55 • N): one simulation with all sources (reference) and all others with one source removed. The reference simulation is compared to data from the AirBase network and two ChArMEx stations, and from the AERONET network and the MODIS satellite instrument, to quantify the ability of the model to reproduce the observations. It is shown that the correlation ranges from 0.19 to 0.57 for surface particulate matter and from 0.35 to 0.75 for AOD. For the summer of 2012, the model shows that the region is mainly influenced by aerosols due to mineral dust and anthropogenic emissions (62 and 19 %, respectively, of total surface PM 10 and 17 and 52 % of total surface PM 2.5 ). The western part of the Mediterranean is strongly influenced by mineral dust emissions (86 % for surface PM 10 and 44 % for PM 2.5 ), while anthropogenic emissions dominate in the northern Mediterranean basin (up to 75 % for PM 2.5 ). Fire emissions are more sporadic but may represent 20 % of surface PM 2.5 , on average, during the period near local sources. Sea salt mainly contributes for coastal sites (up to 29 %) and biogenic emissions mainly in central Europe (up to 20 %).The same analysis was undertaken for the number of daily exceedances of the European Union limit of 50 µg m −3 for PM 10 (over the stations), and for the number of daily exceedances of the WHO recommendation for PM 2.5 (25 µg m −3 ), over the western part of Europe and the central north. This number is generally overestimated by the model, particularly in the northern part of the domain, but exceedances are captured at the right time. Optimized contributions are computed with the observations, by subtracting the background bias at each station and the specific peak biases from the considered sources. These optimized contributions show that if natural sources such as mineral dust and fire events are particularly difficult to estimate, they were responsible exclusively for 35.9 and 0.7 %, respectively, of the exceedances for PM 10 during the summer of 2012. The PM 25 recommendation of 25 µg m −3 is exceeded in 21.1 % of the cases because of anthropogenic sources exclusively and in 0.02 % because of fires. The other exceedances are induced by a mixed contribution between mainly mineral dust (49.5-67 % for PM 10 exceedance contributions, 4.4-13.8 % for PM 2.5 ), anthropogenic so...

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Section: Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Source contributions to 2012 summertime aerosols in the Euro-Mediterranean region

et al. 2015

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“…Wildfires in the Mediterranean region tend to be generally caused by accidents (Silva et al, 2010;Ganteaume et al, 2013) and in eastern Europe they are mostly linked to agricultural practices (Turquety et al, 2014). Here we will not study the causes of wildfire activity but the dependency between fire size and weather, in particular wind speed and temperature anomaly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Size of wildfires in the Euro-Mediterranean region: observations and theoretical analysis

Hernandez

Drobinski

Turquety

et al. 2015

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. MODIS (Moderate ResolutionImaging Spectroradiometer) satellite observations of fire size and ERA-Interim meteorological reanalysis are used to derive a relationship between burnt area and wind speed over the Mediterranean region and Eastern Europe. The largest wildfire size does not show a strong response with respect to wind speed in Eastern Europe. In the Mediterranean, as intuitively expected, the burnt area associated with the largest wildfires is an increasing function of wind speed for moderate temperature anomalies. In situations of severe heatwaves, the relationship between burnt area and wind speed displays a bimodal shape. Burnt areas are large for low 10 m wind speed (lower than 2 m s −1 ), decrease for moderate wind speed values (lower than 5 m s −1 and larger than 2 m s −1 ) and increase again for high wind speed (higher than 5 m s −1 ). To explain such behavior we use a stochastic model of fire propagation, known as a probabilistic cellular automata. This model uses a probabilistic local rule to derive the total burnt area. The observed relationship between burnt area and wind speed can be interpreted in terms of percolation threshold above which the propagation in the model is infinite, which mainly depends on local terrain slope and vegetation state (type, density, fuel moisture). In Eastern Europe, the percolation threshold is never exceeded for observed wind speeds. In the Mediterranean Basin we see two behaviors. During moderately hot weather, the percolation threshold is passed when the wind grows strong. On the other hand, in situations of severe Mediterranean heatwaves, moderate wind speed values impair the propagation of the wildfire against the wind and do not sufficiently accelerate the forward propagation to allow a growth of wildfire size.

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“…The calculations are done at an hourly time step using the high-spatial resolution Analysis and Prediction of the Impact of Fires on Air Quality Modeling (APIFLAME) model. All information about this estimation are provided in Turquety et al (2014). This model was previously used, for example, in Rea et al (2015).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of biomass burning on pollutants surface concentrations in megacities of the Gulf of Guinea

Menut¹,

Flamant²,

Turquety³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Abstract. In the framework of the "Dynamics-Aerosol-Chemistry-Cloud Interactions in West Africa" (DACCIWA) project, the tropospheric chemical composition in the megacities along the Guinean Gulf is studied using the Weather and Research Forecast and CHIMERE regional models. Simulations are performed for the May-July 2014 period, without and with biomass burning emissions. Model results are compared to satellite data and surface measurements. Using numerical tracer release experiments, it is shown that the fire emissions in Central Africa are impacting the surface aerosol and gaseous species concen-5 trations in the Guinean Gulf cities, such as Lagos (Nigeria) and Abidjan (Ivory Coast). Depending on the altitude of injection of these emissions, the pollutants follow different pathways: directly along the coast or over land towards the Sahel before to be vertically mixed in the convective boundary layer and transported to the south-west and over the cities. In July 2014, the maximum increase in surface concentrations is ≈ 150 µg m −3 for CO, ≈ 10 to 20 µg m −3 for O 3 and ≈ 5 µg m −3 for PM 10 .

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APIFLAME v1.0: high-resolution fire emission model and application to the Euro-Mediterranean region

Cited by 72 publications

References 63 publications

Source contributions to 2012 summertime aerosols in the Euro-Mediterranean region

Source contributions to 2012 summertime aerosols in the Euro-Mediterranean region

Size of wildfires in the Euro-Mediterranean region: observations and theoretical analysis

Impact of biomass burning on pollutants surface concentrations in megacities of the Gulf of Guinea

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