Aplicações e possibilidades terapêuticas do uso do biomaterial quitosana para a odontologia: revisão de literatura

Abstract

A quitosana, polissacarídeo linear obtido a partir do exoesqueleto de crustáceos e artrópodes, tem sido pesquisada em Odontologia por suas diversas propriedades terapêuticas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre as aplicações atuais e as possibilidades terapêuticas da quitosana na odontologia. A busca foi realizada através do banco de dados eletrônico do Pubmed, utilizando os descritores Quitosana, Odontologia e Biomateriais. Foram incluídas pesquisas científicas utilizando quitosana em diversas áreas da odontologia e excluídas revisões de literatura e estudos não odontológicos, sendo selecionados 13 artigos. A quitosana induz resposta transcricional e anti-inflamatória em fibroblastos gengivais sobre citocinas inflamatórias, fatores transformadores do crescimento (TGF -β) e fatores de crescimento tumoral (TNF-α) que estão diretamente relacionados à atividade patológica periodontal. Nas infecções endodônticas persistentes, a substância atua criando ligações de hidrogênio e liberação de íons cálcio, o que potencializa a ação dos irrigadores intracanal, além de causar menos estresse oxidativo. Para a odontologia restauradora, a quitosana demonstrou eficácia como auxiliar no condicionamento da dentina e mostrou potencial para induzir a migração de odontoblastos na proteção do complexo dentino-pulpar. A substância atua como uma cura de feridas orais devido à sua capacidade de estimular a formação de fibroblastos e novos vasos sanguíneos, além de células anti-inflamatórias.
 Descritores: Biopolímeros; Biomateriais; Biotecnologia.
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Antibacterial Potential of Chitosan Scaffolds Incorporated with Oregano and Thyme Essential Oils against Escherichia coli

“…Among the main alternatives that have shown promising results in tackling this problem are phytotherapy and the use of chitosan-based biomaterials. These options stand out because they are less expensive, more accessible, have a natural composition and fewer side effects [9], [11]. In this context, the association of natural products that have pharmacological properties with natural biopolymers that aim to replace and/or treat some component of the body is of substantial relevance to dentistry [25], [26].…”

“…Thus, chitosan shows good prospects for dental applications in periodontal infections, endodontic treatments, adhesion of restorative materials to the dental substrate, tissue repair, hemostasis, formation of odontoblastic cells in dentin-pulp complex treatments and wound healing [9]. In addition, this biomaterial can be used to complement and improve the properties of currently commercial suture thread coatings, reducing post-operative infections and accelerating the healing process in oral and maxillofacial surgeries [10].…”