Apnea Training Effects on Swimming Coordination

Lemaître, Frédéric; Seifert, Ludovic; Polin, D; J, Juge; Tourny-Chollet, Claire; Chollet, Didier

doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181b073a8

Cited by 32 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…These results are consistent with the findings of the current study considering that the participants of the present study were untrained breath hold subjects. In contrast to the current study, Lemaitre et al determined an enhanced maximal and submaximal swimming performance after long-term apnea exercises because of the improved M axvo2 [31]. It means that apnea during several weeks of training may enhance performance.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 89%

The acute effects of repeated static apnea on aerobic power

Yıldız

2018

PES

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Purpose: Apnea exercises cause a rise in hematocrit, erythropoietin, hemoglobin concentration, lung volume and oxygen store in muscle and blood, and a decrease in blood acidosis and oxidative stress. These types of physiological changes that occur in the body result in developments in both time to exhaustion and V02max. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the acute effect of repeated static apneas on aerobic power. Material: Twenty physically active male university students (age:22.80±3.84 year, height:177.40±7.49 cm and weight:68.20±8.72 kg) volunteered to participate in the current study. They were divided as the static apnea and control groups randomly. The static group performed multistage exercise treadmill test to exhaustion (maximal aerobic power) after three maximal apneas with 2-min interval in sitting position. The control group performed only the maximal aerobic power test without apnea. Their maximal oxygen consumption (Vo2max), gas exchange rate (RER), heart beat rate (HR) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) values were measured during maximal aerobic test. Their hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) values were measured before and immediately after the apnea for both groups. Results: There were no significant differences found between the control and static apnea groups for Vo2max, HR, Hb and Hct. However, RPE values measured after the static apnea were lower (17.55±0.51) than the control (18.75±0.62). Conclusions: The repeated static apneas immediately prior the maximal aerobic effort cannot increase aerobic power in untrained breath hold participants. However, the lower RPE after static apnea may be used as an ergogenic effect.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 89%

The acute effects of repeated static apnea on aerobic power

Yıldız

2018

PES

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“…Moreover, there are some similarities between our data and those reported by authors who studied the effects of SS training in blood lactate levels, who found a significant decrease in La peak along a season [6], [7]. Training practice seems to produce such adaptations improving effectiveness at both peak and submaximal exercise [55], and could explain the improvements in work economy by promoting greater technique skills.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Physiological Responses in Relation to Performance during Competition in Elite Synchronized Swimmers

et al. 2012

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PurposeWe aimed to characterize the cardiovascular, lactate and perceived exertion responses in relation to performance during competition in junior and senior elite synchronized swimmers.Methods34 high level senior (21.4±3.6 years) and junior (15.9±1.0) synchronized swimmers were monitored while performing a total of 96 routines during an official national championship in the technical and free solo, duet and team competitive programs. Heart rate was continuously monitored. Peak blood lactate was obtained from serial capillary samples during recovery. Post-exercise rate of perceived exertion was assessed using the Borg CR-10 scale. Total competition scores were obtained from official records.ResultsData collection was complete in 54 cases. Pre-exercise mean heart rate (beats·min−1) was 129.1±13.1, and quickly increased during the exercise to attain mean peak values of 191.7±8.7, with interspersed bradycardic events down to 88.8±28.5. Mean peak blood lactate (mmol·L−1) was highest in the free solo (8.5±1.8) and free duet (7.6±1.8) and lowest at the free team (6.2±1.9). Mean RPE (0–10+) was higher in juniors (7.8±0.9) than in seniors (7.1±1.4). Multivariate analysis revealed that heart rate before and minimum heart rate during the routine predicted 26% of variability in final total score.ConclusionsCardiovascular responses during competition are characterized by intense anticipatory pre-activation and rapidly developing tachycardia up to maximal levels with interspersed periods of marked bradycardia during the exercise bouts performed in apnea. Moderate blood lactate accumulation suggests an adaptive metabolic response as a result of the specific training adaptations attributed to influence of the diving response in synchronized swimmers. Competitive routines are perceived as very to extremely intense, particularly in the free solo and duets. The magnitude of anticipatory heart rate activation and bradycardic response appear to be related to performance variability.

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“…5–6 h a day, 6 days a week for 6 months) sufficiently stimulates EPO increase, which causes higher red blood cells concentration and greater abilities to hold one’s breath for longer periods of time (Lemaître, 2009). Delay in arterial blood O 2 desaturation development, preventing the most important organs from functioning during multiple breath-hold dives, leads to the conclusion that these actions may enhance diving reflexes, by enhancing O 2 management processes (Vasar and Kingisepp, 1980).…”

Section: The Role Of Training In the Development Of Diving Reflexes Imentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Training in the Development of Adaptive Mechanisms in Freedivers

Ostrowski

Strzała

Stanula

et al. 2012

Journal of Human Kinetics

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Freediving is a sport in which athletes aim to achieve the longest or the deepest breath-hold dive. Divers are at risk of gradually increasing hypoxia and hypercapnia due to a long time spent underwater and additionally of increasing hyperoxia while depth diving. Exceeding the limits of hypoxia endurance leads to loss of consciousness or even to death whithout immediate first aid. Often enhanced world records indicate the ability to shape specific to the discipline adaptive mechanisms of cardio-pulmonary system which are individually conditioned. During stay underwater heartbeats decelerating called bradycardia, increase in blood pressure, peripheral blood vessels narrowing and blood centralization in freediver’s organism. These mechanisms enhance blood oxygen management as well as transporting it first of all to essential for survival organs, i.e. brain and heart. These mechanisms are supported by spleen and adrenal glands hormonal reactions.

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Apnea Training Effects on Swimming Coordination

Cited by 32 publications

References 17 publications

The acute effects of repeated static apnea on aerobic power

The acute effects of repeated static apnea on aerobic power

Physiological Responses in Relation to Performance during Competition in Elite Synchronized Swimmers

The Role of Training in the Development of Adaptive Mechanisms in Freedivers

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