Apoplastic Diffusion Barriers in Arabidopsis

Nawrath, Christiane; Schreiber, Lukas; Franke, Rochus; Geldner, Niko; Reina‐Pinto, José J.; Kunst, Ljerka

doi:10.1199/tab.0167

Cited by 131 publications

(148 citation statements)

References 240 publications

(485 reference statements)

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“…Similarly, Phe-derived phenolic components of cutin and cuticular waxes (Nawrath et al, 2013) could participate in cuticle assembly as a cross-linker by reacting with cutin monomers (Pollard et al, 2008). The involvement of phenylpropanoids in cuticle formation has been reported previously for transparent testa mutants like ttg1, which are regulators of the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway (Koornneef, 1990;Xia et al, 2010), strengthening the hypothesis that decreased Phe availability is linked to the adt3 defect in cuticle formation.…”

Section: A Role For Adt3-supplied Phe In Morphogenesis and Cell Prolisupporting

confidence: 55%

The dehydratase ADT3 affects ROS homeostasis and cotyledon development

et al. 2016

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During the transition from seed to seedling, emerging embryos strategically balance available resources between building up defenses against environmental threats and initiating the developmental program that promotes the switch to autotrophy. We present evidence of a critical role for the phenylalanine (Phe) biosynthetic activity of AROGENATE DEHYDRATASE3 (ADT3) in coordinating reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and cotyledon development in etiolated Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings. We show that ADT3 is expressed in the cotyledon and shoot apical meristem, mainly in the cytosol, and that the epidermis of adt3 cotyledons contains higher levels of ROS. Genome-wide proteomics of the adt3 mutant revealed a general down-regulation of plastidic proteins and ROS-scavenging enzymes, corroborating the hypothesis that the ADT3 supply of Phe is required to control ROS concentration and distribution to protect cellular components. In addition, loss of ADT3 disrupts cotyledon epidermal patterning by affecting the number and expansion of pavement cells and stomata cell fate specification; we also observed severe alterations in mesophyll cells, which lack oil bodies and normal plastids. Interestingly, up-regulation of the pathway leading to cuticle production is accompanied by an abnormal cuticle structure and/or deposition in the adt3 mutant. Such impairment results in an increase in cell permeability and provides a link to understand the cell defects in the adt3 cotyledon epidermis. We suggest an additional role of Phe in supplying nutrients to the young seedling.

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Section: A Role For Adt3-supplied Phe In Morphogenesis and Cell Prolisupporting

confidence: 55%

The dehydratase ADT3 affects ROS homeostasis and cotyledon development

et al. 2016

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“…In general, suberin lamellae are incorporated into the apoplast to form a diffusion barrier in specialized cells and tissues such as the periderm and endodermis of the root (Nawrath et al, 2013). The formation of suberin can be promoted by stimuli such as wounding, drought stress, and pathogen invasion (Reinhardt and Rost, 1995;North et al, 2004;Enstone and Peterson, 2005).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Nonspecific Lipid Transfer Protein AtLtpI-4 Is Involved in Suberin Formation of Arabidopsis thaliana Crown Galls

Deeken

Saupe

Klinkenberg³

et al. 2016

Plant Physiol.

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Nonspecific lipid transfer proteins reversibly bind different types of lipid molecules in a hydrophobic cavity. They facilitate phospholipid transfer between membranes in vitro, play a role in cuticle and possibly in suberin formation, and might be involved in plant pathogen defense signaling. This study focuses on the role of the lipid transfer protein AtLTPI-4 in crown gall development. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) crown gall tumors, which develop upon infection with the virulent Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58, highly expressed AtLTPI-4. Crown galls of the atltpI-4 loss-of-function mutant were much smaller compared with those of wild-type plants. The gene expression pattern and localization of the protein to the plasma membrane pointed to a function of AtLTPI-4 in cell wall suberization. Since Arabidopsis crown galls are covered by a suberin-containing periderm instead of a cuticle, we analyzed the suberin composition of crown galls and found a reduction in the amounts of long-chain fatty acids (C 18:0 ) in the atltpI-4 mutant. To demonstrate the impact of AtLtpI-4 on extracellular lipid composition, we expressed the protein in Arabidopsis epidermis cells. This led to a significant increase in the very-long-chain fatty acids C 24 and C 26 in the cuticular wax fraction. Homology modeling and lipid-protein-overlay assays showed that AtLtpI-4 protein can bind these very-long-chain fatty acids. Thus, AtLtpI-4 protein may facilitate the transfer of long-chain as well as very-long-chain fatty acids into the apoplast, depending on the cell type in which it is expressed. In crown galls, which endogenously express AtLtpI-4, it is involved in suberin formation.

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“…6) strongly suggest that only the endodermis is suberized after 1 week of in vitro growth. Although we cannot completely rule out epidermal cell suberization, Arabidopsis root epidermal cell walls are not expected to be heavily suberized, since they are actively involved in solute acquisition from the soil, especially in early developmental stages (Nawrath et al, 2013). Therefore, it is highly probable that most, if not all, of the suberin acyl monomers that we detected after 1 week of in vitro growth represent suberized endodermis.…”

Section: Most Suberin-associated Root Waxes Are Not Extracted By Rapimentioning

confidence: 83%

Primary Fatty Alcohols Are Major Components of Suberized Root Tissues of Arabidopsis in the Form of Alkyl Hydroxycinnamates

Delude

Fouillen²,

Bhar³

et al. 2016

Plant Physiol.

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Suberin is a complex hydrophobic polymer that acts as a barrier controlling water and solute fluxes and restricting pathogen infections. Suberin is deposited immediately outside of the plasmalemma in the cell wall of certain tissues such as endodermis of roots, aerial and underground periderms, and seed coats. Suberin consists of a variety of fatty acid derivatives polymerized with glycerol and phenolics. In this study, we show using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques that most of the fatty alcohols not covalently linked to the suberin polymer are in the form of alkyl hydroxycinnamates (AHCs), with alkyl caffeates predominating. Such compounds are not restricted to the periderm of mature roots but also are present in the endodermis of younger roots, where they are not extracted by rapid dipping in chloroform. Analysis of several mutants affected in key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis and export of suberin monomers suggests that the formation of the suberin polymer and associated waxes involves common pathways and occurs concomitantly in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) roots. Although fatty alcohols represent only minor components of the suberin polymer in Arabidopsis roots, this study demonstrates that they constitute the major aliphatics of suberin-associated waxes in the form of AHCs. Therefore, our results indicate that esterified fatty alcohols, both soluble and polymerized forms, represent major constituents of Arabidopsis root suberized barriers, being as abundant as a,v-dicarboxylic and unsubstituted fatty acids. In addition, our results show that suberized layers represent a major sink for acyl-lipid metabolism in Arabidopsis roots.

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Apoplastic Diffusion Barriers in Arabidopsis

Cited by 131 publications

References 240 publications

The dehydratase ADT3 affects ROS homeostasis and cotyledon development

The dehydratase ADT3 affects ROS homeostasis and cotyledon development

The Nonspecific Lipid Transfer Protein AtLtpI-4 Is Involved in Suberin Formation of Arabidopsis thaliana Crown Galls

Primary Fatty Alcohols Are Major Components of Suberized Root Tissues of Arabidopsis in the Form of Alkyl Hydroxycinnamates

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