Apoplastic interactions between plants and plant root intruders

Mitsumasu, Kanako; Seto, Yoshiki; Yoshida, Satoko

doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00617

Cited by 37 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 174 publications

(245 reference statements)

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“…To test our newly developed visualization technique in a physiologically relevant scenario, we chose to visualize interactions with Root Knot Nematode (RKN). RKN is a widespread root pathogen that penetrates the root by secreting Plant Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes (PCWDE) including cellulase [52][53][54] , causing substantial damage to crops around the world 22,[55][56][57][58] . We applied RKN to the center of the dyed CMC film and incubated for 2h at either 37°C (ideal temperature for the hydrolysis reaction) or 27°C (ideal temperature for RKN).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This system was built as a simplified model of a root-microorganism interaction, focusing on the structural/physical aspect of this interaction. A critical part of the root-microorganism interaction is the penetration of the microorganism into the root, which is often performed by secretion of cellulase and other enzymes 54,[74][75][76] . A combination of the method developed here for a real-time visualization of cellulase secretion by microorganisms with the previous method we developed for root surface microstructure replication, will lead to a new avenue in the study of root-microorganism Figure 7: Surface topography measurement of unhydrolyzed and hydrolyzed CMC.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Developing a method for real-time visualization of cellulase activity

Kumari

Sayas

Bucki

et al. 2020

Preprint

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AbstractStudying the interactions between microorganisms and plant roots is crucial for understanding a variety of phenomena concerning crop yield and health. The role of root surface properties in these interactions, is rarely addressed. To this end, we previously built a synthetic system, from the inert polymer polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS), mimicking the root surface microstructure, using a replication technique. This replica enables the study of isolated effects of surface structure on microorganism-plant interactions. Since the root surface is composed mostly of cellulose, using cellulose-like materials as our replica, instead of PDMS, is the next logical step. This will enable following the hydrolysis of such surfaces as a result of microorganisms secreting Plant Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes (PCWDE), and in particular, cellulase. Visualization of such hydrolysis in a synthetic system can assist in studying the localization and activity of microorganisms and how they correlate with surface microtopography, separately from chemical plant signals.In this work, we modified the known carboxymethyl cellulase (CMC) hydrolysis visualization method to enable real-time tracking of cellulase activity of microorganisms on the surface. Surface was formed from pure CMC, rather than CMC incorporated in agar as is often done, and by that, eliminating diffusion issues. Acridine orange dye, which is compatible, at low concentrations, with microorganisms, as opposed to other routinely used dyes, was incorporated into the film. The dye disassociated from the film when hydrolysis occurred, forming a halo surrounding the point of hydrolysis. This enabled real-time visualization since the common need for post hydrolysis dyeing was negated. Using Root Knot Nematode (RKN) as a model organism that penetrates the plant root, we showed it was possible to follow microorganism cellulase secretion on the surface in the form of CMC film hydrolysis. Furthermore, the addition of natural additives, in the form of root extract was also shown to be an option and resulted in an increased RKN response. We tested our newly developed method by changing temperature and pH conditions and by characterization of the hydrolyzed surface using both Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM).This method will be implemented in the future on a root surface microstructure replica. We believe the combination of this new method with our previously developed root surface microstructure replication technique can open a new avenue of research in the field of plant root-microorganism interactions.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing a method for real-time visualization of cellulase activity

Kumari

Sayas

Bucki

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…This is consistent with the better development of females in the max2-1 and max4-1 mutants of Arabidopsis as found in the present study. Interestingly, sedentary endoparasitic nematodes and plant-parasitic plants share remarkable characteristics in their mode of action during parasitism of plant roots (Mitsumasu et al 2015), including as it seems now, the effect of SLs in different pre-and parasitic life stages.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinct roles for strigolactones in cyst nematode parasitism of Arabidopsis roots

et al. 2019

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Phytohormones play an essential role in different stages of plant-nematode interactions. Strigolactones (SLs) are a novel class of plant hormones which play an important role in plant development. Furthermore, certain soil-inhabiting organisms exploit this plant molecule as allelochemical. However, whether SLs play a role in plant parasitism by nematodes is as yet unknown. This prompted us to investigate the potential role of SLs in different stages of the nematode life cycle using the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii and Arabidopsis as a model system. We analyzed the effect of SLs on cyst nematode hatching, host attraction and invasion, and the establishment of a feeding relation upon infection of the SL deficient mutant max4-1 and the SL signaling mutant max2-1. In addition, infection assays were performed under phosphate shortage to enhance SL production and in the presence of the synthetic SL analog GR24. From this study, we can conclude that SLs do not contribute to cyst nematode hatching at the levels tested but that they do play a role in host attraction and subsequent invasion in a MAX2 dependent manner. Furthermore, we observed that increased levels of exogenous and endogenous SLs change the root invasion zone. Upon root infection, cyst nematode development was enhanced in both the max2-1 and max4-1 mutants due to the formation of enlarged feeding cells. These data provide evidence for distinct roles of SLs during cyst nematode parasitism of plant roots.

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“…Plant parasitic nematodes secrete plant cell wall degrading enzymes in order to penetrate the host (Mitsumasu et al, 2015). The first evidence that plant cell wall components and host root exudates regulate the expression of genes encoding such enzymes was published recently (Bell et al, 2019).…”

Section: Modes Of Action Of Root Metabolites In Nematodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of Root Metabolites on Soil Nematodes

2020

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Plant parasitic nematodes cause significant crop damage globally. Currently, many nematicides have been banned or are being phased out in Europe and other parts of the world because of environmental and human health concerns. Therefore, we need to focus on sustainable and alternative methods of nematode control to protect crops. Plant roots contain and release a wide range of bioactive secondary metabolites, many of which are known defense compounds. Hence, profound understanding of the root mediated interactions between plants and plant parasitic nematodes may contribute to efficient control and management of pest nematodes. In this review, we have compiled literature that documents effects of root metabolites on plant parasitic nematodes. These chemical compounds act as either nematode attractants, repellents, hatching stimulants or inhibitors. We have summarized the few studies that describe how root metabolites regulate the expression of nematode genes. As non-herbivorous nematodes contribute to decomposition, nutrient mineralization, microbial community structuring and control of herbivorous insect larvae, we also review the impact of plant metabolites on these nontarget organisms.1 study on effect of both plant and specific metabolites detected in root exudates of the plant, 2 study on effect of plant, 3 study on effect of synthetic compound on nematodes, NA indicate not applicable.

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Apoplastic interactions between plants and plant root intruders

Cited by 37 publications

References 174 publications

Developing a method for real-time visualization of cellulase activity

Developing a method for real-time visualization of cellulase activity

Distinct roles for strigolactones in cyst nematode parasitism of Arabidopsis roots

Impacts of Root Metabolites on Soil Nematodes

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