Apoplastic invasion patterns triggering plant immunity: plasma membrane sensing at the frontline

Abstract

Plants are able to effectively cope with invading pathogens by activating an immune response based on the detection of invasion patterns (IPs) originating from the pathogen or released by the plant after infection. At a first level, this perception takes place at the plasma membrane through cell surface immune receptors and although the involvement of proteinaceous pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is well established, increasing data are also pointing out the role of membrane lipids in the sensing of IPs. In this review, we discuss the evolution of various conceptual models describing plant immunity and present an overview of well-characterized IPs from different natures and origins. We summarize the current knowledge on how they are perceived by plants at the plasma membrane, highlighting the increasingly apparent diversity of sentinel-related systems in plants. Rhamnolipid-induced removal of lipopolysaccharide from Pseudomonas aeruginosa: effect on cell surface properties and interaction with hydrophobic substrates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66, 3262-3268. Harpin, an elicitor of the hypersensitive response in tobacco caused by Erwinia amylovora, elicits active oxygen production in suspension cells. Plant Physiol. 102, 1341-1344. Balakireva, A.V. and Zamyatnin, A.A. (2018) Indispensable role of proteases in plant innate immunity. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 19, 629. Bar, M., Sharfman, M., Ron, M. and Avni, A. (2010) BAK1 is required for the attenuation of ethylene-inducing xylanase (Eix)-induced defense responses by the decoy receptor LeEix1. Plant J. 63, 791-800.

Biosurfactants in Plant Protection Against Diseases: Rhamnolipids and Lipopeptides Case Study

“…In addition, microbial perception triggers systemic responses that are effective against a large panel of microorganisms in the whole plant (Fu and Dong, 2013;Pieterse et al, 2014). Activation of the plant immune system involves invasion patterns (IPs) molecules also known as elicitors which can originate from or be produced by the microbe (Schellenberger et al, 2019).…”

“…The activation of defense genes in Arabidopsis upon iturin A foliar treatment was also dependent on the structure of the molecule, i.e., cyclization and/or nature of the fatty acid chain (Kawagoe et al, 2015). As for rhamnolipids, the hypothesis is that lipopeptides have the ability to create some disturbance in the plant plasma membrane and could consequently activate a cascade of molecular events leading to the activation of defense mechanisms (Schellenberger et al, 2019; Figure 1).…”

“…These compounds can act directly onto the pathogen via antimicrobial properties or by stimulating the plant immune system to prime plant protection against disease (Delaunois et al, 2014;Bardin et al, 2015;Keswani et al, 2019). Molecules from microbial origin stimulating the plant immune system are called invasion patterns or elicitors and are highly diverse both in nature and origins (Vatsa et al, 2010;Delaunois et al, 2014;Burketova et al, 2015;Schellenberger et al, 2019).…”

A molecular roadmap to the plant immune system

“…Frequently, ligand-sensing cell-surface receptors require co-receptors to transduce perception of non-self into a response ( 66 , 67 ). Although proteinaceous receptors represent the major players in cell-surface immunity of plants, recent studies have highlighted an emerging role of membrane lipids in sensing infection ( 50 ).…”

Contributions and Limitations of Biophysical Approaches to Study of the Interactions between Amphiphilic Molecules and the Plant Plasma Membrane

“…Microorganisms that manage to bypass these defenses are then confronted with the innate immunity of plants, which can be stimulated by various types of molecules named elicitors. The plasma membrane (PM), separating the intracellular content from the outside, plays a central role in plants' ability to detect microbes [2]. While many molecular patterns are known to be recognized by membrane receptors, some amphiphilic molecules directly interact with plant PM lipids while still triggering defense responses in plants [2].…”