Apoptosis – an Ubiquitous T cell Immunomodulator

Murali, Anuradha K.; Mehrotra, Shikhar

doi:10.4172/2155-9899.s3-002

Cited by 23 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 97 publications

(103 reference statements)

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“…Interestingly, another 5-HT receptor co-regulated with itch, Htr1d (Figure 1B), has been previously implicated in inflammatory pain (Ahn and Basbaum, 2006; Tepper et al, 2002), and is also a compelling candidate mediator of atopic dermatitis and itch. Moreover, numerous inflammatory mediators are released in atopic dermatitis in addition to 5-HT and TSLP (Brandt and Sivaprasad, 2011) whose mechanisms have yet to be revealed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HTR7 Mediates Serotonergic Acute and Chronic Itch

Morita

McClain

Batia

et al. 2015

Neuron

168

172

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SUMMARY Chronic itch is a prevalent and debilitating condition for which few effective therapies are available. We harnessed the natural variation across genetically distinct mouse strains to identify transcripts co-regulated with itch behavior. This survey led to the discovery of the serotonin receptor, HTR7, as a key mediator of serotonergic itch. Activation of HTR7 promoted opening of the ion channel TRPA1, which in turn triggered itch behaviors. In addition, acute itch triggered by serotonin or a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor required both HTR7 and TRPA1. Aberrant serotonin signaling has long been linked to a variety of human chronic itch conditions, including atopic dermatitis. In a mouse model of atopic dermatitis, mice lacking HTR7 or TRPA1 displayed reduced scratching and skin lesion severity. These data highlight a role for HTR7 in acute and chronic itch, and suggest that HTR7 antagonists may be useful for treating a variety of pathological itch conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HTR7 Mediates Serotonergic Acute and Chronic Itch

Morita

McClain

Batia

et al. 2015

Neuron

168

172

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“…T cells with exhaustive phenotype have PD-1 expression (programmed death 1) and have increased sensitivity to Fas-FasL mediate apoptosis. In chronic infection, deletion of memory or non-activated T lymphocytes may occur, thus allowing the infection to evolve to chronicity (MURALI & MEHROTRA, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of apoptosis on liver and spleen resistance in dogs with visceral leishmaniosis

Moreira

Franciscato

Rossit

et al. 2016

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate apoptosis and parasite load in the liver and spleen of dogs with visceral leishmaniosis (VL), using immunohistochemistry. Liver and spleen samples from 71 dogs with VL were used. The parasite load in the spleen and liver showed significant difference between organs in infected group (P=0.0219). The density of the parasite load in the spleen (median=2.4) was higher than liver (median=0.8). Immunodetection of apoptotic cells was predominant in lymphocytes and differ between the infected and control group in spleen (P=0.0307) and liver (P=0.0346). There was a significant correlation between apoptosis and parasite load (P = 0.0084; r=0.3104) only in the spleen of the infected group, where it was observed that, when increasing the number of apoptotic cells increases the parasitic load. It was concluded that the liver and spleen of infected dogs presented greater numbers of cells undergoing apoptosis (lymphocytes) than the control group, thus suggesting that this process may be contributing towards the survival of Leishmania in these organs, because lymphocyte in apoptosis did not have the ability to present and recognize the antigen, allowing the survival of the parasite.Keywords: Leishmania infantum, immune escape, apoptosis, dogs. ResumoO objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a apoptose e a carga parasitária no fígado e baço de cães com leishmaniose visceral (LV), pela técnica de imuno-histoquímica. Foram utilizadas amostras de fígado e baço de 71 cães com LV. A carga parasitária no baço e fígado mostrou diferença significativa entre os órgãos no grupo infectado (P=0,0219). A densidade da carga de parasita no baço (média=2,4) foi maior do que no fígado (média=0,8). A imunodetecção de células em apoptose foi predominante nos linfócitos, com diferenças entre o grupo infectado e controle no baço (P=0,0307) e fígado (P=0,0346). Houve uma correlação positiva fraca entre apoptose e carga parasitária (P=0,0084; r=0,3104) apenas no baço do grupo infectado, onde observou-se que quando aumentava o número de células em apoptose aumentava a carga parasitária. Concluiu-se que o fígado e o baço de cães infectados apresentam um maior número de células que sofrem apoptose (linfócitos) do que o grupo controle, sugerindo que este processo possa contribuir para a sobrevivência de Leishmania nestes órgãos, pois os linfócitos em apoptose não tiveram a capacidade de apresentar e reconhecer o antígeno, permitindo a sobrevivência do parasita.Palavras-chave: Leishmania infantum, evasão da resposta imune, apoptose, cães.

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“…Furthermore, the inflammatory responses underlying these conditions are associated with peripheral eosinophilia, IgE production and tissue-resident mast cell responses 94 . In recent years, basophils have emerged as a contributor to the pathogenesis of multiple models of allergic disease 35, 37, 42, 95 .…”

Section: Basophils and Allergic Inflammation: Pathogenesis And Implicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Basophils and allergic inflammation

Siracusa

Kim

Spergel

et al. 2013

Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

264

209

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Basophils were discovered by Paul Ehrlich in 1879 and represent the least abundant granulocyte population in mammals. The relative rarity of basophils and their phenotypic similarities with mast cells resulted in this cell lineage being historically overlooked, both clinically and experimentally. However, recent studies in humans and murine systems have shown that basophils perform non-redundant effector functions and significantly contribute to the development and progression of TH2 cytokine-mediated inflammation. Although the potential functions of murine and human basophils have provoked some controversy, recent genetic approaches indicate that basophils can migrate into lymphoid tissues and, in some circumstances, cooperate with other immune cells to promote optimal TH2 cytokine responses in vivo. This article provides a brief historical perspective on basophil-related research and discusses recent studies that have identified previously unappreciated molecules and pathways that regulate basophil development, activation and function in the context of allergic inflammation. Further, we highlight the unique effector functions of basophils and discuss their contributions to the development and pathogenesis of allergic inflammation in human disease. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting basophils in preventing or alleviating the development and progression of allergic inflammation.

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Apoptosis – an Ubiquitous T cell Immunomodulator

Cited by 23 publications

References 97 publications

HTR7 Mediates Serotonergic Acute and Chronic Itch

HTR7 Mediates Serotonergic Acute and Chronic Itch

Influence of apoptosis on liver and spleen resistance in dogs with visceral leishmaniosis

Basophils and allergic inflammation

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