Apoptosis in <i>Acanthamoeba castellanii</i>
 belonging to the T4 genotype

Baig, Abdul Mannan; Lalani, Salima; Khan, Naveed Ahmed

doi:10.1002/jobm.201700025

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…16 The latter stage involves the death of corneal cells and corneal nerves 93 due to the activation of the caspases-3 and -10 dependent apoptosis cascade. 10,96 Absence of trophozoites in the anterior chamber is connected to a robust neutrophil response. 65 In some cases, the protozoan destroys all layers of corneal tissue and can lead to perforation.…”

Section: Pathogenesis Of Akmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acanthamoeba keratitis: a review of biology, pathophysiology and epidemiology

Lacerda

Lira

2020

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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Acanthamoeba keratitis is an infection caused by a unicellular protozoan of the genus Acanthamoeba that is universally widespread. Until now, most cases were reported in contact lens wearers, although it is also a reality for non‐wearers, mostly connected to corneal trauma. There is also a variation in incidence regarding the aetiology of the disease between developed and developing countries. Purpose This work is based on a literature review, and the main goal is to deepen the knowledge about Acanthamoeba keratitis, presenting the main risk factors and focusing on prevention actions for this type of corneal infection since the treatments are not always effective. It targets specialists in visual health to strengthen their knowledge in this area, as well as to allow them to better inform their patients about hygiene care, appropriate measures of disinfection and ways to minimise the risk of infection. At this stage, it is important to highlight the essential role that practitioners play in fitting, monitoring and following‐up patients to minimise the danger of infection. Recent findings It is well recognised that corneal trauma facilitates invasion by leaving an open door for microorganisms to penetrate the cornea. In addition to trauma, risk factors are mostly associated with patients’ behaviours, such as interaction of contact lenses with contaminated water in the shower, swimming pools and beaches, etc., lack of hygiene habits with contact lenses and respective cases, and the use of ineffective disinfecting solutions. The fact that a disinfecting solution is not completely effective against trophozoites and/or cysts, both forms of Acanthamoeba’s lifecycle, can cause the infection since one cyst alone leads to the emergence of a whole new population of Acanthamoeba. Summary It is necessary to reduce the risk of infection and, beyond the need to promote patient education to encourage correct CL hygiene behaviours, it should also be highlighted that there is an urgent need to enhance the efficacy of CL disinfection systems against all strains and both stages of Acanthamoeba through the creation of standardised methods. The ease of purchasing CLs without any supervision must also be considered a concern, and, in the near future, it is also important to develop and implement effective diagnostic methods and treatments for Acanthamoeba keratitis.

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Section: Pathogenesis Of Akmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acanthamoeba keratitis: a review of biology, pathophysiology and epidemiology

Lacerda

Lira

2020

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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“…It has been shown that mesoporous silica NPs can efficiently load and seal several therapeutic agents including doxorubicin (Wu et al 2019). Doxorubicin has been shown to cause cell death by apoptosis in amoebae (Baig et al 2017), indicating that mesoporous silica NPs show potential as nanovehicles for treatment of amoebic infections.…”

Section: Inorganic and Metallic Npsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanovehicles in the improved treatment of infections due to brain-eating amoebae

et al. 2021

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Pathogenic free-living amoebae are known to cause fatal central nervous system infections with extremely high mortality rates. High selectivity of the blood-brain barrier hampers delivery of drugs and untargeted delivery of drugs can cause severe side effects. Nanovehicles can be used for targeted drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier. Inorganic nanoparticles have been explored as carriers for various biomedical applications and can be modified with various ligands for efficient targeting and cell selectivity while lipid-based nanoparticles have been extensively used in the development of both precision and colloidal nanovehicles. Nanomicelles and polymeric nanoparticles can also serve as nanocarriers and may be modified so that responsiveness of the nanoparticles and release of the loads are linked to specific stimuli. These nanoparticles are discussed here in the context of the treatment of central nervous system infections due to pathogenic amoebae. It is anticipated that these novel strategies can be utilized in tandem with novel drug leads currently in the pipeline and yield in the development of much needed treatments against these devastating parasites.

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“…Moreover, it also inhibited encystation and excystation . Apoptosis inducing drugs and compounds such as doxorubicin, caffeine, α-bisabolol, and oleic acid also hold promise for future repurposing of potential drugs and lead compounds against brain eating amoebae. More recently, clinically approved antifungal drugs including amphotericin B, nystatin, and fluconazole (all three drugs are inhibitors of ergosterol biosynthesis) were tested against A. castellanii and N. fowleri with and without conjugation with silver nanoparticles.…”

Section: Future Candidates For Drug Repurposing Against Brain-eating ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Repurposing of Drugs Is a Viable Approach to Develop Therapeutic Strategies against Central Nervous System Related Pathogenic Amoebae

Anwar

Khan

Siddiqui

2020

ACS Chem. Neurosci.

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Brain-eating amoebae including Acanthamoeba spp., Naegleria fowleri, and Balamuthia mandrillaris cause rare infections of the central nervous system that almost always result in death. The high mortality rate, lack of interest for drug development from pharmaceutical industries, and no available effective drugs present an alarming challenge. The current drugs employed in the management and therapy of these devastating diseases are amphotericin B, miltefosine, chlorhexidine, pentamidine, and voriconazole which are generally used in combination. However, clinical evidence shows that these drugs have limited efficacy and high host cell cytotoxicity. Repurposing of drugs is a practical approach to utilize commercially available, U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved drugs for one disease against rare diseases caused by brain-eating amoebae. In this Perspective, we highlight some of the success stories of drugs repositioned against neglected parasitic diseases and identify future potential for effective and sustainable drug development against brain-eating amoebae infections.

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Apoptosis in Acanthamoeba castellanii belonging to the T4 genotype

Cited by 13 publications

References 22 publications

Acanthamoeba keratitis: a review of biology, pathophysiology and epidemiology

Acanthamoeba keratitis: a review of biology, pathophysiology and epidemiology

Nanovehicles in the improved treatment of infections due to brain-eating amoebae

Repurposing of Drugs Is a Viable Approach to Develop Therapeutic Strategies against Central Nervous System Related Pathogenic Amoebae

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