Apoptosis of Circulating Heterophils; Implications for the Interpretation of the Heterophil/Lymphocyte Ratio

Cotter, P. F.

doi:10.29245/2578-3009/2021/4.1222

Cited by 3 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Reactive and apoptotic heterophils were described in hens from the same population as the subjects of this study but housed in conventional cages [10]. Such cells indicate inflammation and infection [22].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…The objective of this study is to expand on observations of the robustness of traditional H/L stress detection method. In earlier work the H/L was divided into two categories H/L 1 and H/L 2 as an attempt to recognize the importance of cytology in establishing stress levels [5,8,10,11,[14][15][16]. The value of H/L 1 is determined by using all heterophil categories as the numerator.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Differential counts (SDC): a minimum of 200 leukocytes per slide were sorted into categories: small or medium lymphocytes, monocytes, heterophils, basophils, or eosinophils. Morphological criteria for sorting were as described in [9][10][11]. Division of the sum of all heterophil types (typical, variant, and classic) by the number of small "resting" lymphocytes is H/L 1.…”

Section: Blood Stain Procedure H/l and Twbc Computationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Typical heterophils (HT) with faint granules, the most frequent type, are distinct from classic heterophils (HC) with deep red spindle shaped granules. A third heterophil (variant type, HV) with orange spherical granules also occurs [9][10][11] Therefore, it is possible that the same H/L value may be associated with distinct heterophil spectra.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aviary Caged Hens with Unusual Lymphocytes and Normal H/L Ratios

Cotter

2023

AJRAVS

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The aim is to describe hemograms of hens that bear upon interpretation of the traditional H/L stress determination method. Hemograms from aviary caged (AV) commercial hens sampled at 18 wk with low to moderate heterophil/lymphocyte ratios (H/L, range 0.02 -0.66) were accompanied by slightly elevated total white cell counts (TWBC ~ 30K/μL) to leukocytosis (TWBC ~ 120K/μL) levels. Atypical cells were commonly seen in Wright-Giemsa stained blood by standard differential counts (SDC). Heterophils exhibited signs of toxicity affecting both the nucleus, the cytoplasmic granules, and cell membranes. Many forms of atypical lymphocytes were also detected. These were aggregated small lymphocytes (Ls), medium sized reactive lymphocytes (Lm) plasmacytes (PC) including Mott cells, and other atypical forms. Some PCs contained pink cytoplasmic vacuoles (Russell bodies) an indicating they are IgA types. Developmental PCs rarely found in the circulation of homeostatic avians were also present. Bacteria were commonly associated with the atypical cells. These were both free swimming and cell associated (CAB) types. Fungal forms were also present including yeast-like conidia and hyphae. When microorganisms were in a field the background erythrocytes were in Rouleaux formation, an indication of an inflammatory milieu. In conclusion, it is demonstrated that in the absence of detailed cytological descriptions the H/L ratio can be misleading. Given its wide usage in stress and welfare determinations these observations emphasize some of the difficulties of the simple H/L method. They reinforce earlier observations and draw attention to the necessity of cytological detail before the computed H/L ratio can be accepted as a stress measure.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Blood Stain Procedure H/l and Twbc Computationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aviary Caged Hens with Unusual Lymphocytes and Normal H/L Ratios

Cotter

2023

AJRAVS

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“…This might account for the lysed nuclei of "orb" type Mott cells described here (Figure 5). A novel form of nuclear lysis occurs in chicken heterophils 20 . Perhaps the lysed nuclei seen in orb-type Mott cells is a PC equivalent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmacyte Heterogeneity of Lame Ducklings

Cotter¹

2022

J Immunological Sci

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The aim is to describe the array of plasmacytes (PC), cells known as the source of antibody, occurring in the bone marrow (BM) of lame ducklings. The method is by a light microscopic examination of touch preparation slides made from femur samples and stained with Wright-Giemsa. Samples were obtained on site at commercial farms where slide preparations were made; reducing the possibility that observations are technical artifacts. The results: indicate that PC occur in a multitude of sizes, shapes, nuclear/cytoplasmic (N/C) ratios, ploidy, and nuclear and cytoplasmic conditions. Normal PC are illustrated first, followed by atypical forms. Some PC are presented in the context of neighboring BM cells of the granulocyte, erythrocyte, and reticulum cell (histiocyte) series. More than 100 Mott-type PC were measured in a single sample from a 13-day lame duck; and several distinct forms were identified. Size, as measured by their longest axis, varied from 6.1 to 28 μm and it appears to be normally distributed. Moreover, N/C ratios were distributed across a three-fold range (0.3 – 0.9) indicating Mott phenotypes can occur at multiple developmental stages. Motts differed in Russell Body (RB) size, and nuclear condition. A novel Mott type, “orb” form, with partially lysed nuclei is also described. PC were often found in association with giant granulated histiocytes (ggh) and non-granulated giant histiocytes (gh). Other atypical forms are “hand-mirror” PC, trinucleate and binucleate PC resembling cells seen in multiple myeloma (MM) and lymphomas. Collectively these PC variants constitute “reactive plasmatosis” (RP) likely arising as a consequence of the presence of various bacteria including Streptococcus and E. coli. The conclusions: It is demonstrated that RP as occurs in lame ducklings suffering from bacterial infections, provides a unique theater for the study of PC variability. Atypical PC, some resembling neoplastic types, were common in RP BM. The significance of the study relates to the importance of PC in disease and immunity; therefore, these observations should interest those who specialize in these areas. They expand the knowledge of avian plasmacyte morphology.

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Avian Influenza H5N1 Isolate from Bali, its Safety and Potential as a New Vaccine Candidate

2023

Int J Vet Sci

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Avian Influenza H5N1(AI-H5N1) is a highly contagious viral disease that causes high morbidity and mortality in chickens. As in many infected countries, the disease has been endemic in Indonesia since 2005, and vaccination to control it had massively been implemented but the outbreak has been frequently reported. One of the most critical of this condition was associated with the ability of the virus to mutate quickly leading to no protective antibodies, so it was crucial to find new locally viral candidates for a homolog vaccine. Fortunately, an AI-H5N1 isolate was successfully isolated in Bali the so-called A/Chicken/Bali9C/GAY/2019 and had been made for a new inactivated vaccine candidate and proven to be safely tested in a BSL-3 laboratory. However, this novel vaccine candidate has never been tested in the field, therefore, the aims of this research were to test the safety aspects of the vaccine in field. A total of 40 layers of Novogen Brow strain at 5 weeks old were used in this study and immunized once using the vaccine at the age of 5 weeks. Blood samples were collected one week before vaccination and repeated at one-week intervals for 5 weeks. The antibody response was tested using the HI test and hematological changes were examined using standard procedures. The results showed that antibody titers increased significantly from 1 st to 4 th weeks postvaccination with a titer of ≥16 HI units, and after a further booster at week 4 th , it reached a peak titer of about 256 HI units. Hematological data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan's test using SPSS for windows. No significant difference (P>0.05) was observed in the hematological profile tested including total erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, as well as the heterophils and lymphocytes ratio. The serological and hematological analyses suggested that this vaccine trial was valuable and safe coinciding with the clinical data that all the immunized chickens showed no clinical disease during the experimental studies. It was concluded that the A/Chicken/Bali9C/GAY/2019 had the potential to be used as novel and safe vaccine candidate, although other efficacy factors such as challenge studies and cellular immunity should be further evaluated.

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Apoptosis of Circulating Heterophils; Implications for the Interpretation of the Heterophil/Lymphocyte Ratio

Cited by 3 publications

References 16 publications

Aviary Caged Hens with Unusual Lymphocytes and Normal H/L Ratios

Aviary Caged Hens with Unusual Lymphocytes and Normal H/L Ratios

Plasmacyte Heterogeneity of Lame Ducklings

Avian Influenza H5N1 Isolate from Bali, its Safety and Potential as a New Vaccine Candidate

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