Apparatus for High-Precision Angle-Resolved Reflection Spectroscopy in the Mid-Infrared Region

Kuroda, Takashi; Chalimah, Siti; Ya, Yao; Ikeda, Naoki; Sugimoto, Yoshimasa; Sakoda, Kazuaki

doi:10.1177/0003702820931520

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…To match the We examined the accuracy of the PC fabrication by observing their angle-resolved reflection spectra with our homemade high-resolution setup integrated into the sample chamber of an FT-IR spectrometer (JASCO 6800). 23,25,26) The angle resolution was 0.3°and the frequency resolution was 1.0 cm −1 . Figure 6 shows normal-incidence reflection spectra of PC-QCL-2 with a = 1.340, 1.380, and 1.415 μm, which were measured before the air gap was filled with InP.…”

Section: Device Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved power and far-field pattern of surface-emitting quantum cascade lasers with strain compensation to operate at 4.3 μm

Ikeda

Chalimah

et al. 2022

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.

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We fabricated surface-emitting quantum cascade lasers with photonic crystal resonators whose active layers were strain-compensated InGaAs/AlInAs multiple quantum wells to operate at 4.3 μm. We tested two kinds of square-lattice photonic crystals consisting of circular and pentagonal InGaAs cylinders as a unit structure. We examined their output power and far-field pattern to find that both of them were improved by lowering the photonic-crystal symmetry to achieve a high extraction efficiency. The maximum output power was 50 mW at 77 K and the far-field pattern was a single peak with a divergence angle smaller than 1° for the pentagonal cylinder structure. In addition, we attributed the lasing mode to a B2-symmetric (quadrupole) eigen state on the Γ point for the circular cylinder structure by observing the polarization dependence of the far-field pattern and comparing it with calculations by the k·p perturbation method.

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Section: Device Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved power and far-field pattern of surface-emitting quantum cascade lasers with strain compensation to operate at 4.3 μm

Ikeda

Chalimah

et al. 2022

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.

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“…Recently, we reported the use of angle-resolved reflection measurement to determine infrared dispersion relations in model PC slabs based on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguides [13]. We put considerable effort into achieving high angle resolution and developed a high precision variable-angle reflection apparatus that is compatible with a Fourier transform spectrometer [14]. Here, we apply the angle-resolved reflection technique to the characterization of actual PCSEL devices formed of In(Ga,Al)As/InP based QCL multi-layer structures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mid-infrared dispersion relations in InP based photonic crystal slabs revealed by Fourier-transform angle-resolved reflection spectroscopy

Chalimah,

Yao,

Ikeda

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Photonic crystals (PCs) offer unique ways to control light-matter interactions. The measurement of dispersion relations is a fundamental prerequisite if we are to create novel functionalities in PC devices. Angle-resolved spectroscopic techniques are commonly used for characterizing PCs that work in the visible and near-infrared regions. However, the techniques cannot be applied to the mid-and long-wavelength infrared regions due to the limited sensitivity of infrared detectors. Here, we propose an alternative approach to measuring infrared dispersion relations. We construct a high-precision angle-resolved setup compatible with a Fourier-transform spectrometer with an angle resolution as high as 0.3 degrees. Hence, the reflection spectra are mapped to the 2D photonic band structures of In(Ga,Al)As/InP based PC slabs, which are designed as mid-infrared PC surfaceemitting lasers. We identify complex PC modes with the aid of polarization selection rules derived by the group theory. Spectral analysis makes it possible to evaluate the mode quality (Q) factors. Therefore, angle-resolved reflection is a useful way of optimizing 2D PC parameters for mid-infrared devices.

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“…We examined the accuracy of the PC fabrication by observing their angle-resolved reflection spectra with our home-made high-resolution setup integrated in a commercial FT-IR (JASCO 6800). 29,30) We measured the reflection spectra of the PC-QCL specimens from the top side before filling the air gap in the PC with InP, since the eigenmodes in the PC can be accessed most efficiently in this geometry.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…An angle resolution of 0.3 deg was achieved by carefully preparing an unfocused incident light beam. 30,31) The black arrows show the frequencies of TEand TM-like modes of the E symmetry on the Γ point calculated by FEM, which are 2245 cm −1 and 2253 cm −1 , respectively. The measured peak frequencies are 2241 and 2255 cm −1 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Design and fabrication of photonic crystal resonators for single-mode and vertical surface emission from strain-compensated quantum cascade lasers operating at 4.32 μm

Saitô

Hashimoto

Kaneko

et al. 2021

Appl. Phys. Express

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Photonic crystal resonators with the C4v symmetry were designed and fabricated on quantum cascade lasers with a strain-compensated multiple quantum well to achieve single-mode and vertical surface emission at 4.32 μm. Their fabrication accuracy was confirmed by high-resolution reflection spectroscopy. The maximum output power was 10 mW at 77 K. A far-field pattern with a small divergence angle below 1 degree was observed. Its main peak had a donut shape, which was attributed to the spatial symmetry of the resonance mode of the photonic crystal.

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Apparatus for High-Precision Angle-Resolved Reflection Spectroscopy in the Mid-Infrared Region

Cited by 11 publications

References 24 publications

Improved power and far-field pattern of surface-emitting quantum cascade lasers with strain compensation to operate at 4.3 μm

Improved power and far-field pattern of surface-emitting quantum cascade lasers with strain compensation to operate at 4.3 μm

Mid-infrared dispersion relations in InP based photonic crystal slabs revealed by Fourier-transform angle-resolved reflection spectroscopy

Design and fabrication of photonic crystal resonators for single-mode and vertical surface emission from strain-compensated quantum cascade lasers operating at 4.32 μm

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