Apparatus for the Rapid Determination of β-Ray Activity in Solutions

Bale, William F.; Haven, Francis L.; Lefevre, Marian L.

doi:10.1063/1.1751525

Cited by 50 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…The amount of the radioactive isotope present in a sample was determined by measuring its /3-ray activity by means of a modified GeigerMiiller counter. The counting tube described by Bale, Haven, and LeFevre (8) was employed. The radio activity measurements were recorded in terms of scale-offour counts per minute per milliliter.…”

Section: Methods and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of the Volume of the Extracellular Fluid of the Body With Radioactive Sodium

Kaltreider

Meneely

Allen

et al. 1941

Journal of Experimental Medicine

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107

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A method for measuring the volume of fluid available for the distribution of sodium (sodium space) by the use of its radioactive isotope (Na24) has been described and the accuracy of the method has been discussed. Simultaneous determinations of the plasma volume by means of the blue dye T-1824 and the volume of the extracellular fluid by employing radiosodium and sodium thiocyanate have been made in normal subjects. Repeated measurements were made at varying periods of time in the same individuals. In order to establish the rate of diffusion equilibrium for the radioactive isotope of sodium and thiocyanate between serum and serous effusions, simultaneous samples of both were obtained at varying intervals after the intravenous injection of these substances. Since evidence in the literature indicates that there is an excess of sodium mainly limited to bone, which cannot be attributed to the extracellular phase, experiments on dogs and man were so devised that the ratio of tissue concentration to plasma concentration for radiosodium and chemically determined chloride could be calculated. The following conclusions may be drawn from the results of this investigation: 1. Radiosodium after intravenous administration spreads rapidly during the first 3 hours from the plasma into a volume of fluid which represents approximately 25 per cent of the body weight of man. Thereafter for 6 hours it diffuses more slowly into certain tissue spaces—the central nervous system and probably the skeleton. The plasma volume and interstitial fluid represent 15 and 85 per cent of the sodium space respectively. 2. Diffusion equilibrium for both radiosodium and thiocyanate is not established between serum and transudates in edematous patients until from 9 to 12 hours after the intravenous injection of these substances. 3. Until more complete information is available, it is concluded that unless the difference between repeated observations on the same individual exceeds ±1.38 liters there is no significant change in the sodium space providing that the activity of the standard and serum samples are in the range of 40 counts per minute per milliliter with the counting apparatus used. As the activity of the samples increases, the error becomes less because there is no correlation between the magnitude of the error and the magnitude of the activity. 4. Climatic conditions produce no significant changes in the volume of the blood or extracellular fluid. 5. In the dog, following the intravenous injection of radiosodium, the concentration of the isotope in bone reaches its maximum rapidly (3 hours). The extra sodium in the skeleton of dog is equal to about ¼ of the total counts in the body, assuming that the chloride space of bone represents its extracellular volume. Similar amounts of excess sodium are found in the skeleton of man 12 hours after the administration of Na24. 6. Correction of the sodium space of man for the excess sodium reduced the average value by 3.7 liters or 18.9 per cent. The average corrected volume for the normal subjects 6 hours after the injection is 15.9 liters or 21.1 per cent of the body weight compared with the thiocyanate space of 17.7 liters, representing 23.5 per cent of the body weight. 7. The most useful method for calculating the sodium space from the data obtained after intravenous administration of radiosodium is as follows: See PDF for Equation This space exceeds the volume of extracellular fluid by the amount of excess sodium in the body that cannot be attributed to the extracellular phase. 8. While neither the thiocyanate method nor the radiosodium method gives precise estimates of the extracellular fluid, the error is of the same order of magnitude in both. For clinical use, the thiocyanate method is superior because of the ready availability of the substance, and the apparatus required.

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Section: Methods and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of the Volume of the Extracellular Fluid of the Body With Radioactive Sodium

Kaltreider

Meneely

Allen

et al. 1941

Journal of Experimental Medicine

Self Cite

107

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“…Preparation of the material for determination of beta-ray activity has been described in detail elsewhere (1,3,4). Routine care of the animals, including methods of bleeding, determination of plasma and blood volume, and hemoglobin, as well as composition of diets has been described elsewhere (4,9).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radioactive Iron and Its Excretion in Urine, Bile, and Feces

Hahn

Bale

Hettig

et al. 1939

Journal of Experimental Medicine

104

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Recent experiments (3) in this laboratory gave clear evidence that the plethoric dog with all its iron stores well filled did not absorb radio-iron, in contrast to the anemic dog which took up such iron promptly and in considerable amounts from the intestinal tract. The transfer of the radioiron to new red blood cells in anemia is very rapid.The experiments tabulated below deal with excretion of radioactive iron after its intravenous injection as ferrous gluconate. It is generally accepted that the urine is not a factor in iron escape from the body and the radioactive iron shows this to be true in these experiments, except for a short period of iron excretion following the intravenous dose of iron.The feces contain a remarkably uniform amount of radioactive iron under these conditions. Except for a short initial period of accelerated excretion following the intravenous iron we observe a steady and low output of 0.05 to 0.40 rag. per day, the larger dogs eliminating more iron, somewhat in proportion to their weight.The bile contains but small amounts of radio-iron in these experiments in bile fistula dogs. The induction of blood destruction greatly increases this excretion. Obviously the capacity of the dog to eliminate iron is strictly limited under these conditions, and this fact is of importance when we attempt to visualize the metabolism of iron in the body.Iron balance studies have always been difficult and the results uncertain to a degree because of the inability to distinguish between excreted iron and dietary iron which was unabsorbed in the gastro-intestinal tract. Iron balance studies called for the use of diets very low in iron content and very accurate iron analysis to obtain significant results. Varied results and con-* Aided by funds from Eli Lilly and Company.

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“…This was dissolved in hydrochloric acid, and aliquot parts of the solution were precipitated wdth excess ferricyanide. Examination of the filtrate with a counter of the type described by Bale (2) indicated complete removal of the tin. The work of Grahame and Seaborg (21) indicates another aspect of analytical chemistry which is served by radioactive indicators.…”

Section: Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In adsorption experiments, for example, only small amounts of the radioelement are adsorbed, and the most sensitive means for measuring these quantities must be used. The type of counter used by Bale (2) for measuring the activity of liquids has proved extremely satisfactory in both chemical and biological studies.…”

Section: Measurement Of the Radiationsmentioning

confidence: 99%