Apparent depth of pictures reflected by a mirror: The plastic effect

Higashiyama, Atsuki; Shimono, Koichi

doi:10.3758/s13414-012-0346-4

Cited by 9 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Ponzo [48] refers to an enhanced perception of depth that can occur in the cinema environment when content cast onto the screen is subsequently viewed via its reflection in a mirror. This is supported by Schlosberg [49] and also by Higashiyama and Shimono [27] who report a controlled trial involving 22 participants who observed pictures directly and by mirror reflection. They indicate that across all perceptual judgements *73 % associated the latter scenario with exhibiting greater perceived depth.…”

Section: Viewing Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…In some cases this can enable immediate perceptionbut often an adaptation time is required. For example, in a controlled study requiring 22 participants to compare directly viewed kinetic content with equivalent content reflected in a mirror, Higashiyama and Shimono [27] report that at the outset 55 % judged the latter to exhibit greater depth. After 5 minutes this increased to 86 %.…”

Section: Underlying Mechanisms and Controlled Studiesmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Over time it becomes easier to identify the type of content that will yield a strong spatial experience and frequently once s-bd is induced it is possible to relax viewing constraints by, for example, returning to direct monocular, or on occasion even binocular, observation. For example, in relation to the observation of monoscopic content via its reflection in a plane mirror Higashiyama and Shimono [27] observe: '…the plastic effect [s-bd] that had been formed by observing reflected pictures transferred to directly observed pictures and persisted after the reflected pictures had been removed. '…”

Section: Underlying Mechanisms and Controlled Studiesmentioning

confidence: 98%

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On Alternative Approaches to 3D Image Perception: Monoscopic 3D Techniques

Blundell

2015

3D Res

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In the eighteenth century, techniques that enabled a strong sense of 3D perception to be experienced without recourse to binocular disparities (arising from the spatial separation of the eyes) underpinned the first significant commercial sales of 3D viewing devices and associated content. However following the advent of stereoscopic techniques in the nineteenth century, 3D image depiction has become inextricably linked to binocular parallax and outside the vision science and arts communities relatively little attention has been directed towards earlier approaches. Here we introduce relevant concepts and terminology and consider a number of techniques and optical devices that enable 3D perception to be experienced on the basis of planar images rendered from a single vantage point. Subsequently we allude to possible mechanisms for non-binocular parallax based 3D perception. Particular attention is given to reviewing areas likely to be thought-provoking to those involved in 3D display development, spatial visualization, HCI, and other related areas of interdisciplinary research. Graphical AbstractKeywords Stereopsis Á 3D perception Á Paradoxical monocular stereopsis Á Monocular 3D Á Plastic effect Á Stereoscopy by default 1 Introduction

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Section: Viewing Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Underlying Mechanisms and Controlled Studiesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Underlying Mechanisms and Controlled Studiesmentioning

confidence: 98%

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On Alternative Approaches to 3D Image Perception: Monoscopic 3D Techniques

Blundell

2015

3D Res

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“…Second, the ability to discriminate mirror images is enhanced by literacy in human viewers (Fernandes and Kolinsky 2013;Kolinsky et al 2011). Finally, several studies revealed depth misjudgments in humans exploring mirror reflections (Hecht et al 2005;Higashiyama and Shimono 2012;Seyama and Nagayama 2006). These studies indicate that the interpretation of mirror images is an active cognitive process influenced by previous experience.…”

Section: Analysis Of "Abstract" Echo-scapesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biosonar navigation above water II: exploiting mirror images

Genzel

Hoffmann

Prosch

et al. 2015

Journal of Neurophysiology

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As in vision, acoustic signals can be reflected by a smooth surface creating an acoustic mirror image. Water bodies represent the only naturally occurring horizontal and acoustically smooth surfaces. Echolocating bats flying over smooth water bodies encounter echo-acoustic mirror images of objects above the surface. Here, we combined an electrophysiological approach with a behavioral experimental paradigm to investigate whether bats can exploit echo-acoustic mirror images for navigation and how these mirrorlike echo-acoustic cues are encoded in their auditory cortex. In an obstacle-avoidance task where the obstacles could only be detected via their echo-acoustic mirror images, most bats spontaneously exploited these cues for navigation. Sonar ensonifications along the bats' flight path revealed conspicuous changes of the reflection patterns with slightly increased target strengths at relatively long echo delays corresponding to the longer acoustic paths from the mirrored obstacles. Recordings of cortical spatiotemporal response maps (STRMs) describe the tuning of a unit across the dimensions of elevation and time. The majority of cortical single and multiunits showed a special spatiotemporal pattern of excitatory areas in their STRM indicating a preference for echoes with (relative to the setup dimensions) long delays and, interestingly, from low elevations. This neural preference could effectively encode a reflection pattern as it would be perceived by an echolocating bat detecting an object mirrored from below. The current study provides both behavioral and neurophysiological evidence that echo-acoustic mirror images can be exploited by bats for obstacle avoidance. This capability effectively supports echo-acoustic navigation in highly cluttered natural habitats.

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“…This paradoxical (Claparède, 1904; Koenderink, van Doorn, & Kappers, 1994) stereoscopic impression had been predicted before (Ames, 1925; Ebbinghaus, 1902) but was never directly and qualitatively compared with stereoscopic picture viewing. Monocular aperture viewing is a single case of a collection of viewing modes that achieve this effect, also known as the plastic effect (Higashiyama & Shimono, 2012; Koenderink, Wijntjes, & van Doorn, 2013). These ways of viewing include the following:

Monocular viewing (even better when using an aperture).

Optically decrease interocular distance (Javals’ iconoscope).

Increase the viewing distance.

Looking through an artificial pupil.

Change accommodation to infinity (using a lens).

Change convergence to parallel.

Introduce blur in one eye.

Looking through a mirror.

Looking through a synopter.

…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ways of Viewing Pictorial Plasticity

Wijntjes

2017

i-Perception

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The plastic effect is historically used to denote various forms of stereopsis. The vivid impression of depth often associated with binocular stereopsis can also be achieved in other ways, for example, using a synopter. Accounts of this go back over a hundred years. These ways of viewing all aim to diminish sensorial evidence that the picture is physically flat. Although various viewing modes have been proposed in the literature, their effects have never been compared. In the current study, we compared three viewing modes: monocular blur, synoptic viewing, and free viewing (using a placebo synopter). By designing a physical embodiment that was indistinguishable for the three experimental conditions, we kept observers naïve with respect to the differences between them; 197 observers participated in an experiment where the three viewing modes were compared by performing a rating task. Results indicate that synoptic viewing causes the largest plastic effect. Monocular blur scores lower than synoptic viewing but is still rated significantly higher than the baseline conditions. The results strengthen the idea that synoptic viewing is not due to a placebo effect. Furthermore, monocular blur has been verified for the first time as a way of experiencing the plastic effect, although the effect is smaller than synoptic viewing. We discuss the results with respect to the theoretical basis for the plastic effect. We show that current theories are not described with sufficient details to explain the differences we found.

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Apparent depth of pictures reflected by a mirror: The plastic effect

Cited by 9 publications

References 30 publications

On Alternative Approaches to 3D Image Perception: Monoscopic 3D Techniques

On Alternative Approaches to 3D Image Perception: Monoscopic 3D Techniques

Biosonar navigation above water II: exploiting mirror images

Ways of Viewing Pictorial Plasticity

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