Appeasing yourself or others? – The use of self-punishment and compensation and how it influences punishment

Development of inferiority-compensation scale among high school students

“…From the perspective of the executors of compensation behavior, Adler believes that the perpetrator of compensatory behavior is only the self and no others, i.e., there is only self-compensation [10]. Some scholars who support Adler's view also believe that inferiority is unique to individuals, independent of others [11,12], and others do not replace it [13][14][15]. Thus, from this point of view, these scholars believe that compensation can only be completed by individuals with inferiority, that is, there is only self-compensation without compensation for others.…”

“…In addition, the compensation behavior does not necessarily have to be completed by the inferiority of self, it can also be completed by others or groups, even by the whole country or nation [19,20]. Friehe et al indicate that if a person incorporates the object of comparison into his system, the threat of others' success will be significantly reduced [13]. A study by Booysen et al indicates that there is more possibility to occur others-compensation in individuals under a collectivist culture than under an individualist culture [21].…”

“…In the development of his compensation theory, Adler insisted that is not a symbol of deformity, but a normal phenomenon in the personal pursuit of excellence [1]. And inferiority has a positive or negative effect on individual development depending on the compensation attitude of the individual [13,23]. If an individual manages to make up for the defects of his organs or abilities, he will improve the environment around him by direct and practical means, and in the strength of his internal beliefs, and consequently transform the inferiority at this time into the internal motivation for progress.…”

Development and validation of inferiority-compensation scale among high school students

“…From the perspective of the executors of compensation behavior, Adler believes that the perpetrator of compensatory behavior is only the self and no others, i.e., there is only self-compensation (Vaughan, 1927). Some scholars who support Adler's view also believe that inferiority is unique to individuals, independent of others, and others do not replace it (Friehe et al, 2021;Toma, 2022;Watermann et al, 2021). Thus, from this point of view, these scholars believe that compensation can only be completed by individuals with inferiority, that is, there is only self-compensation without compensation for others.…”

“…In addition, the compensation behavior does not necessarily have to be completed by the inferiority of self, it can also be completed by others or groups, even by the whole country or nation (Proulx et al, 2012;Ritchie & Long, 2021). Friehe et al indicates that if a person incorporates the object of comparison into his system, the threat of others' success will be signi cantly reduced (Friehe et al, 2021).…”