Appendectomy History is not Related to Parkinson’s Disease

Yılmaz, Rezzak; Bayram, Ece; Ulukan, Çağrı; Altınok, Mustafa Kemal; Akbostancı, Muhittin Cenk

doi:10.3233/jpd-171071

Cited by 24 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…159,160 The human appendix, which houses a diverse microbiome, 161 and in which pathology-associated αSyn can be also detected, has also been suggested as a site of gastrointestinal αSyn seeding. 162 While the history of appendectomy was associated with delayed onset of PD symptoms in a small late-onset cohort 163 a larger study found no effect, 164 and others find either no effect or a slightly increased risk of developing PD 5-10 years postappendectomy. 165,166 As a reservoir of microbes and immune cells, the appendix could still have a role in modulating PD risk by influencing microbial and immune homeostasis.…”

Section: Microbiota-gut-brain Pathways In Neurodegenerative Diseasementioning

confidence: 97%

Gut microbes and metabolites as modulators of blood-brain barrier integrity and brain health

2019

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The human gastrointestinal (gut) microbiota comprises diverse and dynamic populations of bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, coexisting in a mutualistic relationship with the host. When intestinal homeostasis is perturbed, the function of the gastrointestinal tract and other organ systems, including the brain, can be compromised. The gut microbiota is proposed to contribute to blood-brain barrier disruption and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. While progress is being made, a better understanding of interactions between gut microbes and host cells, and the impact these have on signaling from gut to brain is now required. In this review, we summarise current evidence of the impact gut microbes and their metabolites have on blood-brain barrier integrity and brain function, and the communication networks between the gastrointestinal tract and brain, which they may modulate. We also discuss the potential of microbiota modulation strategies as therapeutic tools for promoting and restoring brain health.

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Section: Microbiota-gut-brain Pathways In Neurodegenerative Diseasementioning

confidence: 97%

Gut microbes and metabolites as modulators of blood-brain barrier integrity and brain health

2019

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“…This probably does not explain the increased risk seen during a longer follow‐up period in the Svensson study, thus raising the possibility that an inflammatory response associated with appendicitis may trigger misfolded α‐synuclein in the brain. Recently, another retrospective study found that appendectomy rates were similar in PD compared to other parkinsonian conditions and controls …”

Section: Appendectomy and Risk Of Pdmentioning

confidence: 97%

Gut–brain axis and the spread of α‐synuclein pathology: Vagal highway or dead end?

2019

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Spread of α-synuclein pathology from the peripheral to central nervous system may be an important etiological factor in Parkinson's disease, although there are some unanswered questions about its correlation with neuronal loss. Experimental evidence has highlighted the gastrointestinal tract as a potential starting point for aggregated α-synuclein, with the vagus nerve acting as a "highway" by which pathology may be transmitted to the lower brain stem. This review begins by highlighting the key studies demonstrating that α-synuclein pathology has the ability to spread from certain sites in the gastrointestinal tract to the brain (and vice versa). We go on to assess the recent epidemiological studies that have shown that vagotomy and appendectomy may have the potential to reduce the risk of developing Parkinson's disease. Finally, we discuss the factors in the gastrointestinal tract (such as dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, infection, and inflammation) that may trigger α-synuclein aggregation in the first place, as well as other potential mechanisms underlying the distribution of α-synuclein pathology in the brain.

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“…However, whether the Appendix, as a GI tract lymphoid organ, has an enhanced capacity to generate truncated α-syn amylogenic seeds is unknown. Further studies are required to elucidate the role of Appendix in PD (Marras et al, 2016; Svensson et al, 2016; Yilmaz et al, 2017; Palacios et al, 2018).…”

Section: The Prion-like Mechanism Of Pdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prion-Like Mechanisms in Parkinson’s Disease

et al. 2019

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Formation and aggregation of misfolded proteins in the central nervous system (CNS) is a key hallmark of several age-related neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). These diseases share key biophysical and biochemical characteristics with prion diseases. It is believed that PD is characterized by abnormal protein aggregation, mainly that of α-synuclein (α-syn). Of particular importance, there is growing evidence indicating that abnormal α-syn can spread to neighboring brain regions and cause aggregation of endogenous α-syn in these regions as seeds, in a “prion-like” manner. Abundant studies in vitro and in vivo have shown that α-syn goes through a templated conformational change, propagates from the original region to neighboring regions, and eventually cause neuron degeneration in the substantia nigra and striatum. The objective of this review is to summarize the mechanisms involved in the aggregation of abnormal intracellular α-syn and its subsequent cell-to-cell transmission. According to these findings, we look forward to effective therapeutic perspectives that can block the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.

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Appendectomy History is not Related to Parkinson’s Disease

Cited by 24 publications

References 18 publications

Gut microbes and metabolites as modulators of blood-brain barrier integrity and brain health

Gut microbes and metabolites as modulators of blood-brain barrier integrity and brain health

Gut–brain axis and the spread of α‐synuclein pathology: Vagal highway or dead end?

Prion-Like Mechanisms in Parkinson’s Disease

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