Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: measurement by dual-photon absorptiometry

Heymsfield, S. B.; Smith, Ross C.; Aulet, M.; Bensen, B; Lichtman, Steven W.; Wang, J; Pierson, Richard N.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/52.2.214

Cited by 749 publications

(528 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The second scan was required if the participant ( n = 2) did not fit within the lateral limits of the scanning table; these scans were analysed by summing left and right segments of the body bisected along the mid‐line of the spine, as previously described 15. Using Hologic software (version 13.2), the whole‐body scan was segmented into the head, trunk, left, and right upper limbs and left and right lower limbs by a single investigator according to a standardized protocol 16. The lean tissue mass in the upper and lower limbs, known as appendicular lean tissue mass, was summed and used for all regression analysis as this lean tissue depot is predominately skeletal muscle mass and has strong associations with whole‐body muscle mass measured by using MRI 17.…”

Section: Participants and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a bedside viable ultrasound protocol to quantify appendicular lean tissue mass

Paris

Lafleur

Dubin

et al. 2017

J cachexia sarcopenia muscle

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BackgroundUltrasound is a non‐invasive and readily available tool that can be prospectively applied at the bedside to assess muscle mass in clinical settings. The four‐site protocol, which images two anatomical sites on each quadriceps, may be a viable bedside method, but its ability to predict musculature has not been compared against whole‐body reference methods. Our primary objectives were to (i) compare the four‐site protocol's ability to predict appendicular lean tissue mass from dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry; (ii) optimize the predictability of the four‐site protocol with additional anatomical muscle thicknesses and easily obtained covariates; and (iii) assess the ability of the optimized protocol to identify individuals with low lean tissue mass.MethodsThis observational cross‐sectional study recruited 96 university and community dwelling adults. Participants underwent ultrasound scans for assessment of muscle thickness and whole‐body dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry scans for assessment of appendicular lean tissue. Ultrasound protocols included (i) the nine‐site protocol, which images nine anterior and posterior muscle groups in supine and prone positions, and (ii) the four‐site protocol, which images two anterior sites on each quadriceps muscle group in a supine position.ResultsThe four‐site protocol was strongly associated (R 2 = 0.72) with appendicular lean tissue mass, but Bland–Altman analysis displayed wide limits of agreement (−5.67, 5.67 kg). Incorporating the anterior upper arm muscle thickness, and covariates age and sex, alongside the four‐site protocol, improved the association (R 2 = 0.91) with appendicular lean tissue and displayed narrower limits of agreement (−3.18, 3.18 kg). The optimized protocol demonstrated a strong ability to identify low lean tissue mass (area under the curve = 0.89).ConclusionsThe four‐site protocol can be improved with the addition of the anterior upper arm muscle thickness, sex, and age when predicting appendicular lean tissue mass. This optimized protocol can accurately identify low lean tissue mass, while still being easily applied at the bedside.

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Section: Participants and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a bedside viable ultrasound protocol to quantify appendicular lean tissue mass

Paris

Lafleur

Dubin

et al. 2017

J cachexia sarcopenia muscle

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show abstract

“…ASM (kg) was defined as the sum of the lean soft tissue masses for the arms and legs, after the method of Heymsfield et al 15 The ASM adjusted by stature index (ASM/height 2 ) was also computed as described by Baumgartner et al 16 In this study, sex-specific ASM/height 2 quintiles were created. For women, the bounds for ASM/ height 2 17 The SMI (%) (total skeletal muscle mass (kg)/weight (kg) Â 100) was obtained by calculating the total skeletal muscle mass adjusted by weight as described by Janssen et al 3 As with ASM/height 2 , SMI was divided into sex-specific quintiles to facilitate the interpretation of the odds ratios (OR Definitions of sarcopenia and SO First, sarcopenia was defined as an ASM/height 2 less than two s.d.…”

Section: Definition Of Metabolic Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in Korean adults: the Korean sarcopenic obesity study

et al. 2009

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Objectives: To examine the prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity (SO) as defined by different indices, including appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM)/height 2 , skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) and residuals for Korean adults, and to explore the association between SO and metabolic syndrome. Methods: Our study sample included 526 participants (328 women, 198 men) for whom complete data on body composition were collected using available dual X-ray absorptiometry. Modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria were used to identify the individuals with metabolic syndrome. Results: The prevalence of sarcopenia and SO is higher in older adults. Using two s.d. of ASM/height 2 below reference values from young, healthy adults as a definition of sarcopenia, the prevalence of sarcopenia and SO was 6.3% and 1.3% in older (X60 years) men and 4.1% and 0.8% in older women, respectively. The prevalence of sarcopenia using the residuals method was 15.4% in older men and 22.3% in older women. In addition, using two s.d. of SMI, the prevalence of sarcopenia and SO was 5.1% and 5.1%, respectively, in older men and 14.2% and 12.5%, respectively, in older women. Among women, SO subjects defined by the SMI had three times the risk of metabolic syndrome (odds ratios (OR) ¼ 3.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) ¼ 1.21-8.66) and non-sarcopenic obese subjects had approximately twice the risk of metabolic syndrome (OR ¼ 2.17, 95% CI ¼ 1.22-3.88) compared with normal subjects. Similar trends were observed in men. Conclusion: The prevalence and cutoff values of sarcopenia and SO in the Korean population were evaluated using different methods. Among the different indices of sarcopenia and SO, SO only defined using the SMI was associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome. As the Korean population gets older and more obese, the problematics of SO need to be elucidate.

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“…The appendicular skeletal muscle mass was calculated as the sum of the arm and leg fat-free soft tissue. 16 …”

Section: Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Supervised walking groups to increase physical activity in elderly women with and without hypertension: effect on pulse wave velocity

et al. 2012

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To date, only a few studies have evaluated the effect of physical activity on PWVcf in the elderly. In the current study, 21 community-dwelling women, with a mean age of 68.19 ± 5.72 years and a mean BMI of 28.63 ± 4.69 kg m À2 , participated in moderate physical activity sessions for 1 h per day and 2 days each week under the supervision of a qualified physical education instructor for a total of 24 weeks. At the beginning of the study, at 3 months and at 6 months, the study participants' body weight, waist circumference, sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) and body composition by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) were recorded along with the participants' Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly questionnaire. Total low-density-lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; triglycerides (TGs) and HbA1c; blood pressure (BP); and arterial stiffness, as determined by carotid-femoral and carotid-radial pulse wave velocity (PWVcf, PWVcr), were also assessed. During the follow-up period, the waist and SAD significantly decreased, whereas fat-free mass, BMI and weight did not decrease. A significant decline in TGs was observed. A significant decline in PWVcf, even after adjusting for mean arterial pressure, heart rate triglycerides and waist diameter changes, was observed. In a sub-analysis that examined the effect of physical activity separately in the hypertensive and normotensive subjects, we observed a significant decline in PWVcf in the hypertensive subjects and a nonsignificant tendency in the normotensive subjects. The data showed an association between light aerobic physical activity in the elderly and decreased PWVcf, even after adjusting for changes in systolic BP (SBP), TGs and central adiposity. These results suggest a beneficial effect of moderate physical activity on subclinical vascular damage, particularly in hypertensive subjects. Keywords: cardiovascular risk factors; elderly; physical activity; pulse wave velocity INTRODUCTION Exercise may reduce cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality 1 and decrease several CV risk factors. The beneficial effect of aerobic physical activity on CV risk factors has been reported even in the elderly. [2][3][4][5][6] Cross-sectional studies have shown that physical activity is associated with lower values of pulse wave velocity carotid-femoral (PWVcf), a surrogate marker of subclinical vascular damage. [7][8][9] To date, only a few studies have evaluated the effect of physical activity on PWVcf in the elderly. Madden et al. 10 showed that aerobic exercise reduced arterial stiffness (that is, PWVcf and pulse wave velocity carotid-radial (PWVcr)) in a group of 36 elderly diabetic patients, whereas non-aerobic exercise did not demonstrate an effect.No studies have supported the efficacy of moderate physical activity in improving arterial stiffness in elderly subjects with hypertension.

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Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: measurement by dual-photon absorptiometry

Cited by 749 publications

References 8 publications

Development of a bedside viable ultrasound protocol to quantify appendicular lean tissue mass

Development of a bedside viable ultrasound protocol to quantify appendicular lean tissue mass

Prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in Korean adults: the Korean sarcopenic obesity study

Supervised walking groups to increase physical activity in elderly women with and without hypertension: effect on pulse wave velocity

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