Apple Flower and Fruit: Morphology and Anatomy

Pratt, Charlotte

doi:10.1002/9781118060834.ch8

Cited by 79 publications

(43 citation statements)

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“…The internode between each flower was longer and the flower number per inflorescence was reduced ( Figure 5D). In another case, solitary flowers with a longer pedicel developed directly from the stem ( Figure 5F) (Foster et al 2003;Pratt 1988).…”

Section: Characterization Of Psmrolc::atft Transgenic Applementioning

confidence: 99%

Overexpression of Arabidopsis FT gene in apple leads to perpetual flowering

Tanaka

Ureshino

Shigeta

et al. 2014

Plant Biotechnology

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Transgenic apple plants that overexpressed Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) under the control of the rolC promoter showed early flowering, while the introduction of FT driven by the 35S promoter induced flower development directly from transgenic apple callus in vitro, but vegetative growth was not maintained and the explant died. GFP-FT fusion proteins were detectable in transgenic apple tissues but never caused early flowering in the transformants. Under the control of the rolC promoter, the fused protein was localized in vascular tissues and fluorescence was detectable in companion cells in the stem and petiole. The transgenic apple lines that expressed AtFT driven by the rolC promoter showed differences in inflorescence architecture and floral organ number from those typical of nontransformed apple. Flowers of transgenic apple lines often contained more numerous petals, fewer stamens, and no pistils, and the pollen grains were incapable of germinating. The transgenic apple lines showed perpetual flowering without the requirement for low temperature and obvious photoperiodism. The expression patterns of six floral meristem identity genes and floral organ genes in flowers of transgenic apple lines were investigated. Among the floral meristem identity genes, expression of MdFT2 was suppressed and that of AFL2 was dramatically enhanced in the transformants. Of the floral organ genes, expression of MdMADS13, which functions as a class B gene, was unchanged from that of the flower of wild type one, whereas expression of MdMADS-NB, a possible class C gene, was suppressed.

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Section: Characterization Of Psmrolc::atft Transgenic Applementioning

confidence: 99%

Overexpression of Arabidopsis FT gene in apple leads to perpetual flowering

Tanaka

Ureshino

Shigeta

et al. 2014

Plant Biotechnology

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“…Flowering of apple is a complex process with several stages including floral induction, initiation and organogenesis as well as anthesis (Pratt et al 1988). However, it is difficult to distinguish the precise time for floral induction/initiation, and often these two terms are constitutionally used in the literature (Tromp 1976, Ryugo 1986, Foster et al 2003.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the broadening of apex itself may not be considered as the first sign of floral initiation, and it should be evidently clarified upon morphological changes showing cellular division patterns. In fact, little is known about architectural aspects of SAM prior to broadening, although some insights have been emphasised for the floral ontogeny of the Maloideae from three-dimensional or cross sectional studies (Pratt et al 1988, Evans and Dickinson 1999.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of floral initiation in Malus domestica: a novel morphogenetic approach

Dadpour¹,

Movafeghi²,

Grigorian³

et al. 2011

Biologia plant.

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Floral initiation in apple (Malus domestica Borkh) was studied by a novel morphogenetic approach. Developmental stages of apices were evaluated based on the morphology of shoot apical meristem (SAM) from various collection dates. Besides, the frequency of each stage was calculated within apices populations after full blooming (DAFB). Prior to doming of apex, three marked phases were found based on SAM morphology: 1) narrow appearance (vegetative phase), 2) broadened form (transition phase), and 3) prominent shape (commitment phase). A furrow region was formed at the base of leaf primordium during the bract initiation, while significant broadening of SAM was observed. Cell division patterns manifested in modification of anisotropic clusters from isotropic cellular packets, as a result of which profound morphological changes of apices occurred. Based on these findings, we propose that the structural alterations prior to doming may be taken into account for determination of the initial development and reproduction signs in apple trees.Additional key words: apple, cell division pattern, epi-illumination light microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, shoot apical meristem.

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“…In apple abscission induction the increase in ethylene evolution corresponded to a decrease in growth rate [8]. During abscission induction (the first weeks after full bloom) the stage of cell division is progressively taken over by cell expansion [17][18][19]. The flower pollination and the subsequent ovule fertilization bring about deep modification of the ontogenetic program of the organ [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%