Apple peel morphology and attachment of Listeria innocua through aqueous environment as shown by scanning electron microscopy

Pietrysiak, Ewa; Ganjyal, Girish M.

doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.04.049

Cited by 27 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Microcracks are developed during fruit growth where peel expansion surpasses wax production (Roy et al., ), or during the storage, thus enhancing water permeability, and pathogen infections during fruit growth and throughout the storage (Konarska, ). In our previous study, we have shown that L isteria innocua (a commonly used surrogate strain for L. monocytogenes ) (Milillo et al., ; Ramos‐Villarroel, Martín‐Belloso, & Soliva‐Fortuny, ) attached primarily to the apple peel in the stem bowl and calyx sections, and embedded in the microcracks, lenticels, and on the surface of the trichomes, rather than in the amorphous layer of wax (Pietrysiak & Ganjyal, ). Microstructures serve as harbor sites for bacteria attached by physical entrapment.…”

Section: Listeria Monocytogenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Listeria Monocytogenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the shape of the apple and apple peel microstructure, bacteria attach most prominently in the calyx and stem bowl sections (Pietrysiak & Ganjyal, ). These parts of the apple are very difficult to reach during cleaning operations and provide protection for the bacteria.…”

Section: Potential Solutions For Reducing Microbial Load On Fresh Appmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Microstructures serve as harbor sites for bacteria attached by physical entrapment. Settled in hard to reach sites, bacteria are protected from cleaning operations and disinfection (Pietrysiak & Ganjyal, 2018). There is need for more research on internalization of L. monocytogenes into the apple surface and internal parts of apples.…”

Section: Relationship Between Apple Morphology and Bacteria Attachmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Apple decontamination is a challenging process due to its morphology. In our previous work, we have shown that besides possessing difficult to clean irregular shapes (presence of calyx and stem cavities), the apple surface is covered with numerous microstructures, such as microcracks or lenticels, which can harbor bacteria and protect it from cleaning interventions (Pietrysiak & Ganjyal, 2018). Although some studies have shown high efficiency in Listeria removal from apples (Du, Han, & Linton, 2002;S.H. Food safety interventions .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Food Safety Interventions to Control Listeria monocytogenes in the Fresh Apple Packing Industry: A Review

Pietrysiak

Smith

Ganjyal

2019

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

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Listeria monocytogenes, in fresh and ready‐to‐eat produce such as whole fresh apples, is of concern as there is no “kill step” in their packing process that would eliminate the pathogenic bacteria. Recent listeriosis outbreaks revealed that insufficient cleaning and sanitation practices in fresh apple packing houses may lead to contamination of fruit with L. monocytogenes. This article discusses three fundamental aspects for ensuring microbiological safety of fresh apples: protection of fresh apples from microbial contamination during the packing process, decontamination intervention techniques, and the challenges in removal of L. monocytogenes from fresh apples. Currently used and novel methods of fresh produce decontamination are discussed and evaluated on their usefulness for the apple packing process. Additionally, present regulatory requirements, possible routes of produce contamination, and bacteria attachment and survival mechanisms are described. Optimum methods for microbial decontamination of whole fresh apples are still to be determined. Critical aspects that should be considered in developing the interventions include apple morphology, conditions and scale of the packing process, and influence of the interventions on apple quality. Evaluation of the currently used and emerging decontamination methods indicated that the hurdle technology and rotating use of sanitizers to avoid development of bacterial biofilm resistance may give the best results, although not conclusively.

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Section: Listeria Monocytogenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Listeria Monocytogenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Potential Solutions For Reducing Microbial Load On Fresh Appmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Relationship Between Apple Morphology and Bacteria Attachmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Food Safety Interventions to Control Listeria monocytogenes in the Fresh Apple Packing Industry: A Review

Pietrysiak

Smith

Ganjyal

2019

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

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Attachment and survival of bacteria on apples with the creation of a kinetic mathematical model

et al. 2021

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The estimation of growth or inactivation of bacterial population in fruits during preservation and storage provides useful information for the improvement of the safety of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables. This paper addressed the attachment to the surface and the growth in the flesh of apple fruits of four bacterial cultures (Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The growth of the bacterial cultures in apple flesh was monitored at particular time intervals, and Gompertz parameters, i.e. maximum number of bacteria (P m ), the maximum growth rate of bacteria r p,m , and lag time t l , were used to determine the growth kinetics. After the immersion, the highest number of P. aeruginosa and the lowest number of B. cereus adhered to the apples. After washing and swabbing, E. coli was reduced from the surface of apples to the highest extent (by 3.34 log cfu g −1 ), while the number of B. cereus was reduced to the lowest extent (1.66 log cfu g −1 ). Fitted curves of the Gompertz model corresponded quite well to the measured values of the number of microorganisms with R 2 = 0.92-0.98. The values of the standard error (0.17-0.37) and extremely low p values of the Fischer test (p < 0.0001) indicated strict dependence between the model predicted and the maximum population density. The predicted values of the maximum number of microorganisms (P m ) correspond almost exactly to the actual values. A similar conclusion can be drawn for the maximum growth rate of microorganisms (r p,m ), with the measured value being slightly higher than predicted values.

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New insights into cross-contamination of fresh-produce

Possas¹,

Pérez‐Rodríguez²

2023

Current Opinion in Food Science

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Apple peel morphology and attachment of Listeria innocua through aqueous environment as shown by scanning electron microscopy

Cited by 27 publications

References 50 publications

Food Safety Interventions to Control Listeria monocytogenes in the Fresh Apple Packing Industry: A Review

Food Safety Interventions to Control Listeria monocytogenes in the Fresh Apple Packing Industry: A Review

Attachment and survival of bacteria on apples with the creation of a kinetic mathematical model

New insights into cross-contamination of fresh-produce

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