Apple Procyanidins Induced Vascular Relaxation in Isolated Rat Aorta through NO/cGMP Pathway in Combination with Hyperpolarization by Multiple K⁺Channel Activations

Antihypertensive and Vasorelaxant Effects of Water-Soluble Proanthocyanidins from Persimmon Leaf Tea in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

“…The effective concentration producing 50% relaxation of the maximal contractile response (EC 50 ) was estimated to be 0.7 mg/mL, far lower than that reported by Matsui et al for apple PAs (11 mg/mL). 12) These results indicate that persimmon leaf PAs, which are rich in prodelphinidin, 3-O-gallation, and EGCg units have greater vasorelaxant activity than PAs reported previously. [11][12][13] Characterization of active components is important, but reports on PA absorption have been limited to a few PA performed under specified conditions for the purpose of PA detection in plasma.…”

“…12) These results indicate that persimmon leaf PAs, which are rich in prodelphinidin, 3-O-gallation, and EGCg units have greater vasorelaxant activity than PAs reported previously. [11][12][13] Characterization of active components is important, but reports on PA absorption have been limited to a few PA performed under specified conditions for the purpose of PA detection in plasma. For example, Shoji et al successfully detected PAs from dimers to pentamers absorbed in plasma using an excess dosage (1.0 g/kg of body weight) of an apple PA extract.…”

“…9,10) PAs are structurally diverse flavanol polymers present in a wide variety of dietary products. In fact, cacao, 11) apple, 12) and grape seeds 13) have all been found to contain PAs with endothelium-dependent vasorelaxant activity and the ability to lower blood pressure. A number of studies have therefore been directed toward identifying new PAs with vasorelaxant activities stronger than those already reported.…”

Antihypertensive Effect of Boysenberry Seed Polyphenols on Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats and Identification of Orally Absorbable Proanthocyanidins with Vasorelaxant Activity

“…PAs from cacao 7) and grape seeds 8) have been reported to induce endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation through an endothelial NO-mediated pathway, although combination with hyperpolarization by multiple K þ channel activation has also been reported from different origins such as apple PAs. 29) To investigate whether boysenberry seed PAs also exerted an antihypertensive effect via vasorelaxation similar to grape seed PAs, the effect of L-NAME injection on SBP was examined after administering the PA fraction. The results show that the antihypertensive effect 6 h post administration was completely abolished by L-NAME injection (Table 3).…”

Downregulated Lipid Metabolism in Differentiated Murine Adipocytes by Procyanidins from Defatted Grape Seed Meal

“…Proanthocyanidins, which are abundant from various natural sources such as apples, 1) cranberries, 2) jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) fruits, 3) cinnamon, 4) sorghum, 5) and cocoa, 6,7) are known to have beneficial effects on health: anti-tumorial, 5,8,9) anti-inflammatory, 10,11) neuroprotective, 12) hypotensive or vasorelaxant, [13][14][15] and cardioprotective. 16) An antioxidative function is believed to be a common characteristic of proanthocyanidins which enables these chemopreventive effects.…”