Apple Production at Low Latitudes

Jackson, John E.

doi:10.1007/978-94-017-3215-4_11

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…Endodormancy break failure has been shown to be responsible for local population extinction at species southern range margins in previous modeling studies (Morin et al ., ). According to observations on temperate fruit trees cultivated in subtropical regions, such as Brazil and Morocco, and experimental results, it is expected that chilling deprivation generate at first a lengthening of the flowering period at the scale of a tree crown, followed by growth disorders, leaves and flowers malformation, and very few budbreak (Erez, ; Jackson, ; Petri & Leite, ; Zguigal et al ., ; Caffarra et al ., ; Laube et al ., ). In subtropical/mild regions, dormancy is chemically broken using Dormex ® ‐Hygrogen Cyanamid, which is highly toxic (Sunil et al ., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can phenological models predict tree phenology accurately in the future? The unrevealed hurdle of endodormancy break

Chuine

Bonhomme

Legave

et al. 2016

Global Change Biology

202

187

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The onset of the growing season of trees has been earlier by 2.3 days per decade during the last 40 years in temperate Europe because of global warming. The effect of temperature on plant phenology is, however, not linear because temperature has a dual effect on bud development. On one hand, low temperatures are necessary to break bud endodormancy, and, on the other hand, higher temperatures are necessary to promote bud cell growth afterward. Different process-based models have been developed in the last decades to predict the date of budbreak of woody species. They predict that global warming should delay or compromise endodormancy break at the species equatorward range limits leading to a delay or even impossibility to flower or set new leaves. These models are classically parameterized with flowering or budbreak dates only, with no information on the endodormancy break date because this information is very scarce. Here, we evaluated the efficiency of a set of phenological models to accurately predict the endodormancy break dates of three fruit trees. Our results show that models calibrated solely with budbreak dates usually do not accurately predict the endodormancy break date. Providing endodormancy break date for the model parameterization results in much more accurate prediction of this latter, with, however, a higher error than that on budbreak dates. Most importantly, we show that models not calibrated with endodormancy break dates can generate large discrepancies in forecasted budbreak dates when using climate scenarios as compared to models calibrated with endodormancy break dates. This discrepancy increases with mean annual temperature and is therefore the strongest after 2050 in the southernmost regions. Our results claim for the urgent need of massive measurements of endodormancy break dates in forest and fruit trees to yield more robust projections of phenological changes in a near future.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can phenological models predict tree phenology accurately in the future? The unrevealed hurdle of endodormancy break

Chuine

Bonhomme

Legave

et al. 2016

Global Change Biology

202

187

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Trends in Fruit Breeding

Byrne

2011

Fruit Breeding

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Fruit breeding is a long-term process which takes a minimum of about a decade from the original cross to a fi nished cultivar. Thus, much thought needs to go into which objectives to be emphasized in the breeding. Although certain objectives, such as yield and basic quality, are always important, the overall lifestyle, environmental, marketing, and production trends affect the objectives that breeders emphasize in their programs as they strive to anticipate the future needs of the fruit industry. The importance of each trend varies with the crop and environment. The major trends are to develop cultivars which simplify orchard practices, have increased resistance to biotic and abiotic stress, extend the adaptation zones of the crop, create new fruit types, create fruit cultivars with enhanced health benefi ts, and provide consistently high quality. Keywords IntroductionFruit breeders need to anticipate cultivar needs at least 10 years into the future, as this is the minimum time that most fruit cultivars take to develop from pollination to release. This chapter explores the larger trends in our lives, such as environmental issues, health consciousness, consumer trends in lifestyle, and the expectations and needs of producers to examine how these affect the objectives of our fruit breeding programs. Trends in the Business of Plant BreedingImproved plant protection legislation in the USA, Europe, and throughout the world has stimulated substantial research and the development of new plants for commercial exploitation. This has also tended to shift the breeding into the private sector (Heisey et al. 2001 ;Frey 1996Frey , 1998Traxler 1999 ) . This shift was quicker for the annual large acreage crops, such as corn, where public-generated commercial cultivars in the USA disappeared in the 1940s and the use of publically generated inbred lines ceased in the 1970s. Currently, public corn breeders concentrate more on basic research into corn breeding and genetics (Traxler 1999 ) .In fruit crops, this shift has been slower and dependent on the crop, with those crops with shorter life cycles and larger markets shifting to the private sector more rapidly. Throughout the world, the proportion of peach releases from public programs has decreased from 45% in the 1980s to 34% in the early 1990s (Della Strada et al. 1996 ;Della Strada and Fideghelli 2003 ;Fideghelli et al. 1998 ) . During the last decade in the USA, only ~15% of the peach and nectarine cultivars were released by public institutions. Support for the development of apricots, cherries, and apples is still with public institutions, but this is eroding and the private sector is becoming more involved in the release and Another factor is decreased funding for public breeding programs. In the USA, the public funding dedicated to breeding activities has decreased dramatically since the 1970s as the government shifted from a philosophy of completely funding programs to assisting programs with partial funding (Moore 1993 ;Frey 1996 ;Heisey et al. 2001 ) . Thus, t...

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Horas E Unidades De Frio Em Pomares De Maçã Com Diferentes Microclimas

Carbonieri

Morais

2015

Rev. Bras. Frutic.

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RESUMOA informação da quantidade de frio em locais com microclimas distintos é um importante subsídio tecnológico para os produtores de maçã, pois reduz os custos de produção, otimiza o momento da aplicação de indutores de brotação e proporciona melhor homogeneização da brotação e frutificação, melhorando a qualidade dos frutos e fornecendo ao agricultor informações para a escolha de espécies e cultivares mais adaptadas às condições microclimáticas locais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar os microclimas em pomares de maçã e calcular as horas de frio e unidades de frio acumuladas no período de abril a setembro de 2013, bem como avaliar a tendência e variabilidade temporal do número de horas de frio para a região sul do Paraná. Para isso, foram instaladas duas estações meteorológicas automáticas no interior de pomares de maçã, em duas localidades do município de Palmas-PR. Os registros dos dados climáticos foram obtidos de outubro de 2012 a setembro de 2013. Para a análise climatológica de horas de frio, foram utilizados dados da série histórica de 1979 a 2013 do IAPAR, provenientes de uma estação meteorológica convencional situada no município de Palmas-PR. Existem diferenças na quantidade de horas e unidades de frio acumuladas em localidades próximas, porém com microclimas distintos. Em 2013, os meses de julho e agosto foram os que apresentaram maior número de horas de frio. O acúmulo de unidades de frio foi semelhante entre os métodos Carolina do Norte Modificado e Utah Modificado. Há tendência temporal decadal de redução do número de horas de frio na região sul do Paraná.

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Apple Production at Low Latitudes

Cited by 4 publications

References 50 publications

Can phenological models predict tree phenology accurately in the future? The unrevealed hurdle of endodormancy break

Can phenological models predict tree phenology accurately in the future? The unrevealed hurdle of endodormancy break

Trends in Fruit Breeding

Horas E Unidades De Frio Em Pomares De Maçã Com Diferentes Microclimas

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