Apples and Cardiovascular Health—Is the Gut Microbiota a Core Consideration?

Koutsos, A.; Tuohy, Kieran; Lovegrove, Julie A.

doi:10.3390/nu7063959

Cited by 138 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 221 publications

(354 reference statements)

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“…Chen et al., ). Prebiotic DF like pectin may improve gut barrier function and reduce intestinal permeability and uptake of lipopolysaccharide, a proinflammatory cytokine secretion promoter, through the modulation of gut microbiota (Koutsos, Tuohy, & Lovegrove, ). Oral administration of butyrate‐producing probiotic bacteria Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum decreased intestinal myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α), and interleukin (IL)‐12 levels of colitis rats, alleviating the proinflammatory microenvironment (Eeckhaut et al., ).…”

Section: Effects Of Dfs From Fruits and Vegetables On Host Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Fibers from Fruits and Vegetables and Their Health Benefits via Modulation of Gut Microbiota

Cui

Lian²,

Zhao

et al. 2019

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

162

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Dietary fibers (DFs) regulate host health through various mechanisms related to their dietary sources, specific physicochemical structures, fermentability, and physiological properties in the gut. Considering the numerous types and sources of DFs and their different physicochemical and physiological properties, it is challenging yet important to establish the key mechanisms for the beneficial health effects of DFs. In this review, the types and structures of DFs from different fruits and vegetables were summarized and the effects of different processing methods on DF properties were discussed. Moreover, the impacts of DFs on gut microbial ecology, host physiology, and health were described. Understanding the complex interaction between different DFs and gut microbiota is vital for personalized nutrition. It is also important to comprehend factors influencing gut microbiota and strategies to regulate the microbiota, thereby augmenting beneficial health responses. The exploration of molecular mechanism linking DFs, gut microbiota, and host physiology may allow for the identification of effective targets to fight against major chronic diseases.

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Section: Effects Of Dfs From Fruits and Vegetables On Host Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Fibers from Fruits and Vegetables and Their Health Benefits via Modulation of Gut Microbiota

Cui

Lian²,

Zhao

et al. 2019

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

162

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“…Apple ( Malus domestica ) is one of the most widely cultivated trees, whose fruits are a very popular foodstuff [1, 2]. The composition of phenolic compounds present in apple fruits and their antioxidative properties have been extensively investigated [3–5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extracts from Leaves of SomeMalus domesticaCultivars: Antiradical and Antimicrobial Analysis of These Extracts

Sowa

Zgórka

Szykuła

et al. 2016

BioMed Research International

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In this study, methanol, ethyl acetate, water extracts, and precipitate were obtained from leaves of Malus domestica cultivars: Golden delicious, Jonagold, Elstar, Ligol, and Mutsu. Antiradical activity of these extracts was measured using the ABTS+∙ radical, and antimicrobial activity was measured with the disk-diffusion method. Phenolic compounds were measured with the colorimetric method and identified with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The highest antiradical activity was observed for the Jonagold variety, and in particular strong activity was noted for ethyl acetate extracts. Antimicrobial activity was observed against strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and the fungus Candida glabrata. Particularly susceptible to the extracts activity appeared to be Staphylococcus aureus, but the growth of Candida glabrata was inhibited in the presence of ethyl acetate extracts. With the HPLC method we identified a high amount of phloridzin (above 500 mg per g of ethyl acetate extracts), lower amounts of hyperoside, isoquercitrin, and quercitrin, and traces of p-hydroxybenzoic and chlorogenic acids. The contribution of phloridzin to antiradical activity of methanol and ethyl acetate extracts was very high (above 90%). In water extract the contribution of phloridzin was between 38.9 and 55.2%, chlorogenic acid 22.7 and 36.1%, and hyperoside 12.2 and 13.3%.

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“…Several observational studies have shown that apple intake is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality (1) . Intervention studies in animals show that apples can significantly decrease total and LDL-cholesterol but this has been only shown in a few well-controlled human studies as detailed in our review (2) . Moreover, other markers such as vascular function and inflammation are less explored (3) .…”

mentioning

confidence: 76%

Can 2 apples a day improve cardiovascular and gut health?

et al. 2016

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Apples are among the most frequently consumed fruits in the world. Several observational studies have shown that apple intake is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality (1) . Intervention studies in animals show that apples can significantly decrease total and LDL-cholesterol but this has been only shown in a few well-controlled human studies as detailed in our review (2) . Moreover, other markers such as vascular function and inflammation are less explored (3) . Polyphenols and fiber are considered the principal mediators for these effects but the detailed mechanisms are not clear. It has been shown that up to 90 % of dietary polyphenols, including the ones in apples, reach the colon almost intact (4) where together with fibre interact with the gut microbiota producing simple aromatic metabolites but also increasing the population of beneficial bacteria such as bifidobacteria and/or lactobacilli while inhibiting undesirable bacteria such as clostridia (5,6) . The modulation of the human gut microbiota, a diverse collection of microorganisms, plays an important role in health and disease. We have shown that apples from different varieties (Golden Delicious, Pink Lady and Renetta Canada) may beneficially increase the bifidobacteria levels (P < 0·05) in in vitro batch culture models with Renetta Canada variety showing the most beneficial effects (P < 0·05) (7) . Moreover, the extent of microbial catabolism was investigated with the measurement of 20 precursor polyphenols and 15 selected phenolic microbial metabolites. The effects of apples on gut microbiota composition on humans are scarce with only two published studies (6,8) . Thus, we performed a randomized, controlled, crossover, dietary human intervention study to explore the hypothesis that frequent apple consumption decreases cholesterol, improves vascular function and beneficially modify the gut microbiota composition and activity. Volunteers, (23 women, 17 men) with a mean BMI 25·3 ± 3·7 kg/m2 and age 51 ± 11 years, consumed either 2 apples/d (Renetta Canada) or a control sugar matched apple juice (containing no fibre or polyphenols) for 8 weeks separated by a 4 week washout period in a random order. Preliminary results show a significant time x treatment interaction for total cholesterol (TC) (P = 0·033), LDL-cholesterol (P = 0·046) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) (P = 0·028) with lower concentrations after apple intake compared to the baseline measurements (P < 0·05 for TC, LDL-C and VCAM-1) and the control apple juice (P < 0·05 for TC).Microbiota-derived metabolites could influence the composition of biofluids such as blood and urine and exert various biological activities that may regulate important physiological functions, such as fat absorption and bile acid/cholesterol metabolism (9) . We have shown that urine and plasma metabolic profiles were different (P < 0·05) between the apple and the control juice identifying 8 metabolic biomarkers in blood and 54 in urine using LC HRMS based metabolomi...

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Apples and Cardiovascular Health—Is the Gut Microbiota a Core Consideration?

Cited by 138 publications

References 221 publications

Dietary Fibers from Fruits and Vegetables and Their Health Benefits via Modulation of Gut Microbiota

Dietary Fibers from Fruits and Vegetables and Their Health Benefits via Modulation of Gut Microbiota

Analysis of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extracts from Leaves of SomeMalus domesticaCultivars: Antiradical and Antimicrobial Analysis of These Extracts

Can 2 apples a day improve cardiovascular and gut health?

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