Applicability of mixed-mode chromatography for the simultaneous analysis of C1-C18 perfluoroalkylated substances

Abstract

Hochschule Fresenius) for providing us standards of perfluoroethane sulfonic acid, perfluoropropane sulfonic acid and perfluoromethane sulfonic acid, respectively.

Solid-phase extraction and fractionation of multiclass pollutants from wastewater followed by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry analysis

“…Overall, the global mean of the recoveries for each of the three groups of compounds considered in this study varied between 95 and 100%. In summary, the modular SPE method described in this study provides accuracy values, for the three kinds of compounds, similar to those achieved using previously reported conventional MM methodologies, either focused on the selective extraction of acidic compounds [ 12 , 14 ], or addressing the concentration and isolation of basic drugs [ 11 ], from wastewater samples.…”

“…Thus, cleaner extracts are obtained for the latter group of compounds, which turns in lower MEs [ 10 – 12 ]. The scientific literature contains previous successful applications of different types of MM sorbents to the selective extraction of basic (i.e., illicit drugs [ 13 ] and pharmaceuticals [ 11 ]), or acidic compounds (such as anti-hypertension drugs [ 12 ] and perfluorinated carboxylic and sulfonic acids [ 14 ]) from water samples. Most of these studies have been compiled in a recent review [ 7 ].…”

Persistent, mobile and toxic (PMT) and very persistent and very mobile (vPvM) substances pose an equivalent level of concern to persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) and very persistent and very bioaccumulative (vPvB) substances under REACH

“…Current analytical measurements for the most mobile substances are not widely available (the "analytical gap") and thus many go unnoticed and undetected in the water cycle ("the monitoring gap"). However, progress has been made to address this analytical gap and methods such as hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography [23], supercritical fluid chromatography [24], mixed-mode liquid chromatography [25] and capillary electrophoresis [26] have now made it possible to analyse some of the most mobile substances. This progress also contributes to closing the monitoring gap as more of the most mobile substances can be detected.…”

Ultra-Short-Chain PFASs in the Sources of German Drinking Water: Prevalent, Overlooked, Difficult to Remove, and Unregulated

“…Thus, the lack of screening and monitoring data is even more pronounced for these analytically challenging ultra-short-chain PFASs that might easily reach raw and drinking water. Methods that facilitate a simultaneous determination of ultra-short-chain and long-chain PFASs have only recently emerged …”

“…Methods that facilitate a simultaneous determination of ultra-short-chain and long-chain PFASs have only recently emerged. 34 To address the ever-increasing number of PFASs on the global market, which is approximately 5000, 17 the revised European Drinking Water Directive (EU DWD) has proposed the introduction of two parameters: "Sum of PFAS" and "PFAS total". 35 "Sum of PFAS" is the sum of PFCAs with 3−12 and PFSAs with 4−13 perfluorocarbons and a limit value of 0.1 μg/ L. "PFAS total" refers to all PFASs in the sample with a limit value of 0.5 μg/L.…”