Application of 3D electrical resistivity imaging for mapping frozen ground conditions exemplified by three case studies

3D Electrical Resistivity Tomography in the Mondsee Catchment

“…Similar to those of Kneisel et al (2014), the results of the present study show that 3D ERT can help to detect heterogeneities such as moisture in small-scale areas. Despite a relatively low RMS error, the interpretation of results shown above is ambiguous.…”

“…However, the results for the analysis of deeper layers cannot be proven without direct investigation of the shallow subsurface. For instance, core drillings using the calibration measurements for ERT equipment in the study could be used as supplemental confidence material (Kneisel et al, 2014). Future projects could comprise long-term studies of the same slope, which would allow variations of the electrical resistivity dependent on seasons or weather conditions to be detected.…”

“…Consequently, Loke (2001) indicates that a threedimensional resistivity survey, which uses a three-dimensional interpretation model, could deliver accurate subsurface information. In addition to pure geological tasks, 3D electrical resistivity tomography (3D ERT) has been applied in fields such as geophysical engineering and environmental geology (Kneisel et al, 2014).…”

“…As stated by Schrott & Sass (2008), a Wenner array offers a good signal-tonoise ratio. Kneisel et al (2014) summarize the Wenner configuration as presenting a good trade-off between high quality results and acceptable data acquisition time.…”

High-resolution electrical resistivity tomography applied to patterned ground, Wedel Jarlsberg Land, south-west Spitsbergen

“…This kind of electrical imaging brings together advantages of sounding and traversing. The method is suitable for discerning forms and structures associated with the presence of permafrost and various types of ground ice and finds an increasing number of applications (Krautblatter & Hauck 2007;Harris et al 2009;Hilbich et al 2009;Lewkowicz et al 2011;Watanabe et al 2012;Kneisel et al 2014). Its increasing popularity is also related to recent developments in software used in data processing, designed to operate in an automatic manner, with minimal inputs from the user (Griffiths & Barker 1993;Loke 2000Loke , 2013a.…”