Initially, the theory of propagation of long-wavelength acoustic phonons and Brillouin scattering of laser light in condensed matter is concisely summarized. Then, the case of two relevant classes of complex materials in which Brillouin scattering can be measured is reviewed. First, in lowdensity, low-dimensional, disordered materials, the crossover between confinement and propagation is discussed on the basis of experimental findings. Moreover, the possibility of measuring the local mechanical properties of these materials at the mesoscale by Brillouin scattering is critically discussed. Second the application of Brillouin scattering to biological materials, a rather hot topic, is presented. The acoustic waves and their phonons Though the traditional ways to measure the mechanical properties of materials and, in particular, the elastic constants, are based on quasi-static deformation processes (e.g. the tensile test to measure the Young modulus), many important methods are acoustic in nature or make use of acoustic phenomena (ultrasound