Application of active coke in processes of SO2- and NOx-removal from flue gases

Knoblauch, K.; Richter, Ekkehard; Jüntgen, H.

doi:10.1016/0016-2361(81)90146-0

Cited by 108 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Required NOx emissions are reached only by primary measures with the used and advanced HERENOX-K process [10]. The dry flue gas cleaning process with activated carbon is operated at temperatures of between 90 and 170 °C [11].…”

Section: Integration Of the Kalina Cycle Process In The Existing Chp mentioning

confidence: 99%

Integration of Kalina cycle in a combined heat and power plant, a case study

Ogriseck

2009

Applied Thermal Engineering

220

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This paper presents the integration of the Kalina cycle process in a combined heat and power plant for improvement of efficiency. In combined heat and power plants, the heat of flue gases is often available at low temperatures. This low-grade waste heat cannot be used for steam production and therefore power generation by a conventional steam cycle. Moreover, the steam supply for the purpose of heating is mostly exhausted, and therefore the waste heat at a low-grade temperature is not usable for heating. If other measures to increase the efficiency of a power plant process, like feed-water heating or combustion air heating, have been exhausted, alternative ways to generate electricity like the Kalina cycle process offer an interesting option. This process maximizes the generated electricity with recovery of heat and without demand of additional fuels by integration in existing plants. The calculations show that the net efficiency of an integrated Kalina plant is between 12.3 and 17.1 % depending on the cooling water temperature and the ammonia content in the basic solution. The gross electricity power is between 320 and 440 kW for 2.3 MW of heat input to the process. The gross efficiency is between 13.5 and 18.8 %.

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Section: Integration Of the Kalina Cycle Process In The Existing Chp mentioning

confidence: 99%

Integration of Kalina cycle in a combined heat and power plant, a case study

Ogriseck

2009

Applied Thermal Engineering

220

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“…These values and temperature in gases upstream the reactor affect the physical and chemical conditions of the execution of the purification process, with active carbon performing both adsorptive and catalytic functions. The mechanism of reduction of nitrogen oxide with ammonia in the presence of sulphur dioxide on active carbon, adopted by Richter [76], and the conclusions from laboratory-scale experiments in this area [77,78] clearly indicated the advisability of initial lowering of the SO 2 concentration in purified gases, using excess ammonia with respect to the total of SO 2 and NO, ensuring adequate contact time by increasing the height of the bed layer, and maximally lowering the temperature of the process. In experiments referred to by Knoblauch [78], conducted on a fixed bed of active coal, attention was drawn to the distribution of sulphuric acid and its ammonium salts in the bed, as well as distribution inside it of areas of individual reactions, including the reaction of reduction of nitrogen oxide.…”

Section: Process Of Adsorption On Carbon Sorbentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mechanism of reduction of nitrogen oxide with ammonia in the presence of sulphur dioxide on active carbon, adopted by Richter [76], and the conclusions from laboratory-scale experiments in this area [77,78] clearly indicated the advisability of initial lowering of the SO 2 concentration in purified gases, using excess ammonia with respect to the total of SO 2 and NO, ensuring adequate contact time by increasing the height of the bed layer, and maximally lowering the temperature of the process. In experiments referred to by Knoblauch [78], conducted on a fixed bed of active coal, attention was drawn to the distribution of sulphuric acid and its ammonium salts in the bed, as well as distribution inside it of areas of individual reactions, including the reaction of reduction of nitrogen oxide. The mechanism of the process presented by Richter [76] and the results of experiments cited, inter alia, by Knoblauch, were the basis for the decision to use a two-stage model of the process of SO 2 adsorption and NO reduction, carried out in a suitably designed reactor.…”

Section: Process Of Adsorption On Carbon Sorbentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the first solutions by Bergbau-Forschung [78], hot sand was used as the heating medium, heated separately to the temperature of 600-650°C, which was mixed with coke leaving the adsorption system. Under these conditions sulphuric acid and sulphates were reduced.…”

Section: Regeneration Of the Carbon Sorbentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides the most common form of operation with the use of a fixed or movable bed, there is perceived possibility of conducting adsorption in the fluidal phase [98,99]. Similarly, the previously described methods of thermal regeneration -by mixing sorbent with hot sand [78], heating by inert hot gases in a fluidal system [70,77,83,87,100,101] and by way of membrane heating [75,88,81], as well as the two-stage method described in one of the patents [102] and attempts at regeneration by washing with water or appropriate solutions [84][85][86] -may determine different shaping of the whole technological process. Different adsorber designs represent two patents [103,104].…”

Section: Variants Of the Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Selective Catalytic Reduction NO by Ammonia Over Ceramic and Active Carbon Based Catalysts

Kułażyński¹

2011

Heat Analysis and Thermodynamic Effects

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Heat Analysis and Thermodynamic Effects 352The first method of combat is to reduce emissions by lowering energy consumption and fuel consumption per unit of energy produced. However, it is also obvious that although the above processes are essential, they are slow and demand constant disproportionate increase of expenses. In such case it becomes necessary to act in other directions, i.e. active and passive control of environmental pollutants. Active methods include changes in the combustion process, but especially changes in the fuel, including its desulphurisation. However, fuel desulphurisation is an extremely expensive process and can only be used in the situations where fuel consumption is relatively small and there are practically no other methods of solving the problem. Fuel desulphurisation does not solve the second problem, which is emission of nitrogen oxides. Here, the most adverse effects are produced by coal-burning devices. This is due to high combustion temperatures occurring in the process. In this case design changes (active methods) do not provide major results. Much better results are obtained by the introduction of design changes in the processes of combustion of hard and brown coal in the so-called dry processes. The obtained results are not as good as in the case of newly built systems, but they are still significant (particularly with respect to hard coal combustion). Changes with active methods do not result in achievement of target values -present and future emission standards. Therefore, passive methods must be used, particularly catalytic methods. Composition of exhaust gases, including their concentrations of toxic components, varies widely. It depends on the type of fuel and the combustion process. While emissions of sulphur oxides depend on its content in the fuel, nitrogen oxides produced in the combustion process depend, among other, on the following factors: combustion temperature, concentration of reagents (oxygen and nitrogen) during the combustion, contact time of reagents, especially in the high temperature zone, type of furnace equipment and fuel type and the quality of its mixture with air. At present nitrogen oxide emissions can be limited by means of: -processing and refining of fuel, -limiting the amount of nitrogen oxides produced in the combustion process, -removing nitrogen oxides from exhaust gases. The first direction is feasible when it comes to crude petroleum, but in the case of coal it is unlikely to be used in the near future, because it is ineffective and requires building of a fuel refining industry. The next two directions are currently being used and developed on a large scale in many highly industrialised countries. Nitrogen oxides are reduced by 10 to 80% depending on the type of fuel, type of boiler, and the applied method. The third direction is very effective since it reduces the nitrogen oxide content in exhaust gases by 70 to 95%. At present the methods of catalytic selective reduction with the use of ammonia as a reducing factor are the most widely u...

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Carbon as Catalyst

Figueiredo

Pereira

2008

Carbon Materials for Catalysis

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Application of active coke in processes of SO2- and NOx-removal from flue gases

Cited by 108 publications

References 3 publications

Integration of Kalina cycle in a combined heat and power plant, a case study

Integration of Kalina cycle in a combined heat and power plant, a case study

Selective Catalytic Reduction NO by Ammonia Over Ceramic and Active Carbon Based Catalysts

Carbon as Catalyst

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