Application of an Antibacterial Coating Layer via Amine-Terminated Hyperbranched Zirconium–Polysiloxane for Stainless Steel Orthodontic Brackets

Abstract

The massive growth of various microorganisms on the orthodontic bracket can form plaques and cause diseases. A novel amine-terminated hyperbranched zirconium–polysiloxane (HPZP) antimicrobial coating was developed for an orthodontic stainless steel tank (SST). After synthesizing HPZP and HPZP-Ag coatings, their structures were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thickness measurement, contact angle detection, mechanical stability testing, and corrosion testing. The cell toxicity of the two coatings to human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) and human oral keratinocytes (hOKs) was detected by cell counting kit eight assays, and SST, HPZP@SST, and HPZP-Ag@SST were cocultured with Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus mutans for 24 hr to detect the antibacterial properties of the coatings, respectively. The results show that the coatings are about 10 μm, and the water contact angle of HPZP coating is significantly higher than that of HPZP-Ag coating (P<0.01). Both coatings can be uniformly and densely distributed on SST and have good mechanical stability and corrosion resistance. The cell counting test showed that HPZP coating and HPZP-Ag coating were less toxic to cells compared with SST, and the toxicity of HPZP-Ag coating was greater than that of HPZP coating, with the cell survival rate greater than 80% after 72 hr cocultured with hGFs and hOKs. The antibacterial test showed that the number of bacteria on the surface of different materials was ranked from small to large: HPZP@SST < HPZP-Ag@SST < SST and 800 μg/mL HPZP@SST showed a better bactericidal ability than 400 μg/mL after cocultured with S. aureus, E. coli, and S. mutans, respectively (all P<0.05). The results showed that HPZP coating had a better effect than HPZP-Ag coating, with effective antibacterial and biocompatible properties, which had the potential to be applied in orthodontic process management.

A Review of Antimicrobial Polymer Coatings on Steel for the Food Processing Industry

“…Various approaches to control and prevent the colonization and growth of biofilm on steel have been discussed in the literature: Steel composition (alloying) [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ]; Electrochemical, chemical, or physical modification of the steel surface: metal coatings (Cu-coated steel [ 31 , 32 ] Ag-coated steel [ 33 , 34 ], Cu-Co-coated steel [ 34 ]) laser irradiation [ 35 ], etching and plasma [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ] or other introduction of modifiers into the surface; Application of antimicrobial coatings [ 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ]. …”

“…Steel composition (alloying) [27][28][29][30]; • Electrochemical, chemical, or physical modification of the steel surface: metal coatings (Cu-coated steel [31,32] Ag-coated steel [33,34], Cu-Co-coated steel [34]) laser irradiation [35], etching and plasma [36][37][38][39] or other introduction of modifiers into the surface; • Application of antimicrobial coatings [40][41][42][43][44]. Three primary directions stand out for antimicrobial polymer coating strategies [4]:…”