Application of benchtop micro-XRF to geological
                        materials

Flude, Stephanie; Haschke, Michael; Storey, Michael

doi:10.1180/minmag.2016.080.150

Cited by 89 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…For X-ray fluorescence (XRF) mapping of polished thin-sections, we used a Bruker benchtop M4 Tornado μ-XRF instrument (see Flude et al 2017). This system has a Rh X-ray tube, dual silicondrifted detectors (SDDs), and polycapillary optics giving an X-ray beam with a nominal spot size of 20 μm and similar steps allowing for element mapping of a full polished thin-section at a similar pixel resolution of roughly 20 μm.…”

Section: A Sampling and Technical Detailsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare sapphire-bearing syenitoid pegmatites and associated granitoids of the Hamedan region, Sanandaj–Sirjan zone, Iran: analysis of petrology, lithogeochemistry and zircon geochronology / trace element geochemistry

et al. 2020

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Pegmatites and associated granitoids are integral parts of the Alvand plutonic complex in the Sanandaj–Sirjan zone, Iran. Whole rock major- and trace-element lithogeochemistry together with zircon U–Pb geochronology and zircon geochemistry are examined to evaluate the petrogenesis of sapphire-bearing pegmatites and other peraluminous pegmatites in the region. Pegmatites vary in their chemical compositions from mostly peraluminous, high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic signatures. A rare variety of extremely peraluminous sapphire-bearing syenitoid pegmatite (Al2O3 > 30 wt %; A/CNK > 2) exists. This silica-undersaturated pegmatite and its sapphire crystals have a primary igneous origin. U–Pb zircon geochronology of three separate samples from this pegmatite indicates the following ages: 168 ± 1 Ma, 166 ± 1 Ma and 164 ± 1 Ma. The zircon grains have notable amounts of Hf (up to 17 200 ppm), U (up to 13 580 ppm), Th (up to 5148 ppm), Y (up to 4764 ppm) and ∑REE (up to 2534 ppm). There is a positive correlation between Hf and Th, Nb and Ta, U and Th, and Y and HREE and a negative correlation between Hf and Y values in the zircons. These zircons exhibit pronounced positive Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce* = 1.15–68.06) and negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.001–0.56), indicative of the relatively oxidized conditions of the parent magma. Ti-in-zircon thermometry reveals temperatures from as low as ~683 °C up to ~828 °C (average = 755° ± 73 °C). Zircon and monazite saturation equilibria are also consistent with these temperatures. Zircon grains are magmatic (average La < 1.5, (Sm/La)N > 100 and Th/U > 0.7), with chemical characteristics similar to zircons from continental crust.

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Section: A Sampling and Technical Detailsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare sapphire-bearing syenitoid pegmatites and associated granitoids of the Hamedan region, Sanandaj–Sirjan zone, Iran: analysis of petrology, lithogeochemistry and zircon geochronology / trace element geochemistry

et al. 2020

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“…Processing the XRF spectra collected during mapping allows for the calculation of desired elements that can then be presented as a compositional map. Compositional mapping of polished thin sections using micro-XRF, combined with other petrographic methods, allows for the comprehensive characterization of elemental distributions in a sample (e.g., [28,29]).…”

Section: Micro-xrf Mappingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Titaniferous Phases on Tungsten Mineralizing Processes at the Giant Sisson Brook W-Mo Deposit, New Brunswick, Canada: Mineral-Chemical and Geochronological Assessment

et al. 2020

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The Sisson Brook deposit is a low-grade, large-tonnage W-Mo deposit with notable Cu located in west-central New Brunswick, Canada, and is one of several W-Mo deposits in New Brunswick associated with fluids sourced from granitic plutons emplaced during the Devonian Acadian Orogeny. The younger Devonian-aged stockwork and replacement scheelite-wolframite-molybdenite (and chalcopyrite) mineralization straddles the faulted boundary between Cambro-Ordovician metasedimentary rocks with Ordovician felsic volcaniclastic rocks and the Middle Silurian Howard Peak Granodiorite, with dioritic and gabbroic phases. U-Pb dating of magmatic titanite in the host dioritic phase of the Howard Peak Granodiorite using LA ICP-MS resulted in a 204Pb-corrected concordant age of 432.1 ± 1.9 Ma. Petrologic examination of selected mineralization combined with elemental mapping of vein selvages using micro-XRF and metasomatic titanite and ilmenite grains using LA ICP-MS indicates that saturation of titaniferous phases influenced the distribution of scheelite versus wolframite mineralization by altering the aFe/aCa ratio in mineralizing fluids. Ilmenite saturation in Ti-rich host rocks lowered the relative aFe/aCa and led to the formation of scheelite over wolframite. Altered magmatic titanite and hydrothermal titanite also show increased W and Mo concentrations due to interaction with and/or saturation from mineralizing fluids.

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“…17 μm diameter in spot size at 17.48 keV. Mapping of the samples with maximum excitation (tube: 50 kV, 600 μA), 2 ms measuring time per spot and step ranges between 20 to 50 μm leads to spatially resolved analytical data, with elements heavier than Na measurable under low vacuum conditions (Flude et al 2017). Mineral distribution maps were obtained by supervised classification using the "Spectral Angle Mapper" algorithm (Nikonow & Rammlmair 2017) .…”

Section: μ-Edxrfmentioning

confidence: 99%

The new critical metals database “HTMET”: High tech trace element characteristics of sulphides from base metal provinces in the Variscan basement and adjacent sedimentary rocks in Germany

Henning¹,

Birkenfeld²,

Graupner³

et al. 2019

zdgg

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High tech (HT) trace elements such as germanium, gallium and indium gain rising importance in the development of innovative technologies. The database "HTMET" forms the first nationwide metal-ore database for Germany, created to visualise HT metal characteristics of base metal ores from important mining districts. Mineralogical and geochemical investigations on 478 samples and ore concentrates from 109 Pb-Zn-Cu occurrences were carried out using analytical methods with high spatial resolution and bulk sample methods. The database provides aggregated data based on 17,000 geochemical data sets, compiled information on regional infrastructure and environmental risks as well as data on innovative raw material-efficient processing techniques. Evaluation of combined data provides interactive maps revealing new potentials for specific HT metals in Germany. Differences in regional distribution of these trace elements and dependency of their concentration levels in the ore on the genetic deposit type became apparent. Sphalerite from the sediment-hosted massive sulphide (SHMS) deposit "Rammelsberg" and skarn deposits in the Erzgebirge contain elevated indium contents (median 14-119 ppm), whereas the SHMS deposit "Meggen" is poor in HT metals. Germanium forms the predominant HT trace element in colloform sphalerite of Mississippi-Valley-Type (MVT) deposits (median 29-147 ppm); in contrast, crystalline sphalerite is low in germanium in this deposit type. Sphalerite in all hydrothermal vein deposits shares a distinct enrichment in gallium (median 6-81 ppm); however, germanium and indium concentrations vary significantly depending on the metal source and fluid conditions. The Ruhrgebiet and the Schwarzwald ore veins show an enrichment in germanium (median 55-73 ppm), whilst vein sphalerite from the Erzgebirge is specialised in indium (median 33 ppm). The data demonstrate that the HT trace element inventory of the studied base metal sulphides is not only a function of the genetic ore deposit type, but is also triggered by locally variable geology such as source rock and fluid composition and organic content of the rock. Gallium seems to derive from adjacent lithologies, whereas indium and germanium may have more distant sources. Kurzfassung: Durch die fortschreitende Verbreitung und Weiterentwicklung von modernen Technologien erlangen die sogenannten hochtechnologierelevanten (HT) Spurenelemente Germanium, Gallium und Indium steigende Bedeutung. Die "HTMET"-Datenbank ist das erste deutschlandweite Metallerz-Kataster, welches die HT-Metall-"Spezialisierung" wichtiger Buntmetall-Bergbaudistrikte reflektiert. An 478 Erzproben und-konzentraten aus 109 Pb-Zn-Cu-Vorkommen wurden mittels hochortsaufgelösten Punktanalysen und nasschemischen Gesamterzmessungen mineralogische und geochemische Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Die Datenbank beinhaltet aggregierte Daten von 17.000 geochemischen Datensätzen, Informationen zur regionaler Infrastruktur und möglichen Umweltrisiken, sowie Ergebnisse aus innovativen, rohstoffeffizienten Aufbereitungs...

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Application of benchtop micro-XRF to geological materials

Cited by 89 publications

References 43 publications

Rare sapphire-bearing syenitoid pegmatites and associated granitoids of the Hamedan region, Sanandaj–Sirjan zone, Iran: analysis of petrology, lithogeochemistry and zircon geochronology / trace element geochemistry

Rare sapphire-bearing syenitoid pegmatites and associated granitoids of the Hamedan region, Sanandaj–Sirjan zone, Iran: analysis of petrology, lithogeochemistry and zircon geochronology / trace element geochemistry

Influence of Titaniferous Phases on Tungsten Mineralizing Processes at the Giant Sisson Brook W-Mo Deposit, New Brunswick, Canada: Mineral-Chemical and Geochronological Assessment

The new critical metals database “HTMET”: High tech trace element characteristics of sulphides from base metal provinces in the Variscan basement and adjacent sedimentary rocks in Germany

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