Application of biological control: use of cleaner fish

Environmental enrichment in fish aquaculture: A review of fundamental and practical aspects

“…104 Juvenile lumpfish are typically found amongst kelp during their first year of life, both attached and free floating; therefore, those stocked in commercial salmon cages will need some type of shelter or substrate to attach to when resting, and to shelter to during periods of inactivity or adverse environmental conditions. 103 Imsland et al 105 demonstrated that juvenile lumpfish are able to adhere and rest on smooth flat vertical or floating plastic surfaces, which may mimic their natural requirements for surface adhesion. Structures made of pipes or artificial kelp are also provided to wrasse stocked in commercial salmon cages, providing shelter and resting hides for their overnight inactivity.…”

“…Structures made of pipes or artificial kelp are also provided to wrasse stocked in commercial salmon cages, providing shelter and resting hides for their overnight inactivity. 103,106 Consequently, and given the quick expansion of the use of cleaner-fish in commercial salmon cages, several companies manufacture a varied range of vertical substrates or 'kelp curtains', resembling artificial kelp made of PVC. 103 In this line, Leclercq et al 106 developed sinking hides of plastic fake-kelp for ballan wrasse (L. bergylta) stocked in commercial salmon cages.…”

Addressing the welfare needs of farmed lumpfish: Knowledge gaps, challenges and solutions

“…13 Unlike most farmed fish, lumpfish are not farmed for human consumption, but are used (along with some temperate wrasse) as cleaner fish to control parasitic sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis). [13][14][15] Sea lice are one of the major threats to salmon farming 16 as it causes huge economic losses 17 and compromises the welfare of wild and farmed salmon alike, 18,19 tarnishing public's perception of salmon farming. 20,21 Sea lice have developed resistance to most anti-parasitic chemical compounds, 22 prompting an interest in the use of cleaner fish as a 'green' alternative to chemotherapeutants.…”

Antibacterial treatment of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) experimentally challenged with Vibrio anguillarum, atypical Aeromonas salmonicida and Pasteurella atlantica

“…Pathogenic bacteria for lumpfish are dominated by atypical A. salmonicida isolates belonging to A‐layer group VI. Among Vibrio spp., V. anguillarum is the major pathogen, but other Vibrio species have also caused mortality, including V. ordalii , V. tapetis , V. logei , V. wodanis and V. splendidus (Erkinharju, Dalmo, et al, 2021; Erkinharju, Grønbech et al, 2021; Haugland et al., 2020). Except for V. ordalii , it is debated whether these are primary or secondary pathogens.…”

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Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.), also known as lumpsucker, are now farmed and used as cleaner fish to remove sea lice from farmed Atlantic salmon in Europe and Canada (Powell et al, 2018;Treasurer, 2018;Haugland et al, 2020). In Norway, the number of farmed lumpfish has increased rapidly in recent years and 34 million lumpfish were deployed in 2020 (http://www.fiske ridir.no).

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