Application of biomedical materials in the diagnosis and treatment of myocardial infarction

Abstract

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a cardiovascular emergency and the leading cause of death worldwide. Inflammatory and immune responses are initiated immediately after MI, leading to myocardial death, scarring, and ventricular remodeling. Current therapeutic approaches emphasize early restoration of ischemic myocardial reperfusion, but there is no effective treatment for the pathological changes of infarction. Biomedical materials development has brought new hope for MI diagnosis and treatment. Biomedical materials, such as cardiac patches, hydrogels, nano biomaterials, and artificial blood vessels, have played an irreplaceable role in MI diagnosis and treatment. They improve the accuracy and efficacy of MI diagnosis and offer further possibilities for reducing inflammation, immunomodulation, inhibiting fibrosis, and cardiac regeneration. This review focuses on the advances in biomedical materials applications in MI diagnosis and treatment. The current studies are outlined in terms of mechanisms of action and effects. It is addressed how biomedical materials application can lessen myocardial damage, encourage angiogenesis, and enhance heart function. Their clinical transformation value and application prospect are discussed.

Silk fibroin and hydroxypropyl cellulose composite injectable hydrogel-containing extracellular vesicles for myocardial infarction repair

“…The obtained SF/ HPC composite hydrogels exhibit a viscoelastic solid (gel) behaviour, where the storage modulus (G′) is higher than loss modulus (G′′). In addition, the G′ of the as-prepared hydrogel is ∼4-6 KPa, which is similar to the softness of biological tissues and cells [37][38][39]. The viscosity test shows a thixotropy behavior with shear thinning, which is suitable for injected tape casting (figure 2(e)).…”

“…Myocardial infarction causes myocardial fibrosis, where collagenous tissue replaces normal myocardial tissue, resulting in impairment of heart function [38,47]. Prevention of deleterious myocardial fibrosis and remodeling is critical for myocardial infarction repair.…”

Inhibition of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5 can prevent cardiac fibrosis after myocardial infarction

“…In patients with MI, excessive remodeling of myocardial fibers can initiate a chain of events leading to myocardial fibrosis and heart failure (Zhang et al 2023 ). Current clinical use of drugs, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta-blockers, and aldosterone antagonists, is hampered by side effects, such as hypotension and bradycardia (Lin et al 2023 ).…”

“…Myocardial infarction (MI) is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease mortality (Zhang et al 2023 ). Although reperfusion strategies have reduced the mortality rate in patients with MI, the long-term mortality rate due to heart failure remains high in MI patients (Eapen et al 2012 ).…”

Therapeutic potentials of allicin in cardiovascular disease: advances and future directions

“…Although significant advancements have been made in the field of hydrogels for cardiac tissue engineering, several critical challenges remain to be addressed before their safe implementation in clinical practice. For instance, further investigation is required regarding the selection of appropriate materials for cardiac repair, optimal dosage and timing of injection, and efficient distribution strategies [ 97 ].…”