Application of carbon nano-materials in desalination processes

Zaib, Qammer; Fath, Hassan E.S.

doi:10.1080/19443994.2012.722772

Cited by 34 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…However, the CNT-based filter can be re-used for several cycles, by autoclaving them after each use. Even though CNT-based filters have marked advantages due to hydrophobic nature, high porosity and specific area, there are several aspects, which are yet to be studied and optimized [8][9][10][11]. For example, investigations are required to study decline in water flux through the CNT due to polarization-induced formation of stagnant layer on the surface of CNT base [16][17][18][19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…This is due to the various pore sizes and configurations, which may be obtained from CNTs by tailoring the growth parameters. Some studies in this direction have been made recently [10]. Based on extensive calculations, it has been shown that membranes comprising CNTs can provide an efficient means of water filtration [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is true that efficiency of filtration is low. It may be pointed out that unlike desalination where huge consumption of electricity is involved, the filtration process discussed here is not energy-intensive [10]. However, the removal of NaCl through CNT membrane by filtration does not seem to have been tried so far [9,10].…”

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confidence: 96%

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Filtration of sodium chloride from seawater using carbon hollow tube composed of carbon nanotubes

Patel

Tripathi

Srivastava

et al. 2014

International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials

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The present article deals with filtration of seawater to remove sodium chloride (NaCl) using filter made from organized structures of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The filter consists of hollow carbon cylinder (length~10 cm, diameter~1 cm), which is composed of radially aligned CNTs. This carbon hollow cylinder has been synthesized by continuous spray pyrolysis of ferrocene-benzene solution in argon atmosphere. The hollow cylinder has been turned into a water filter by closing one end and keeping a small funnel at the other. Filtration of seawater (Marina Beach, Chennai, India) has been obtained both under the self pressure of seawater column in the hollow cylinder and under the difference of pressure created by enclosing the filter in a vacuum tight container. It has been found that the efficiency of filtration is about two times higher under partial vacuum (~10 -2 torr) created on the filtrate (water) side. After filtration of seawater, a deposit in the inner surface of hollow cylinder has been found. This deposit has been characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and it has been found that the deposit was NaCl. The filtration leads to almost complete removal of NaCl from the seawater.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Filtration of sodium chloride from seawater using carbon hollow tube composed of carbon nanotubes

Patel

Tripathi

Srivastava

et al. 2014

International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials

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“…Based on current processes, the share in the world desalination market and their respective published specific energy consumptions, seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) 60% at 3.5 Kilowatt hours per cubic meter (kWhm-3) and thermally driven processes 40% at 17 kWhm-3, the total desalination energy consumption is predicted and presented in Figure 1 b. It can be noticed that with the projected expansion of desalination capacities, the energy consumption for desalination is expected to reach to 2.4 Gigawatt hours (GWh) in 2030 as compared to only 1.4 GWh in 2018 [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Desalination Processes’ Efficiency and Future Roadmap

Shahzad

Burhan

Ybyraiymkul

et al. 2019

Entropy

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For future sustainable seawater desalination, the importance of achieving better energy efficiency of the existing 19,500 commercial-scale desalination plants cannot be over emphasized. The major concern of the desalination industry is the inadequate approach to energy efficiency evaluation of diverse seawater desalination processes by omitting the grade of energy supplied. These conventional approaches would suffice if the efficacy comparison were to be conducted for the same energy input processes. The misconception of considering all derived energies as equivalent in the desalination industry has severe economic and environmental consequences. In the realms of the energy and desalination system planners, serious judgmental errors in the process selection of green installations are made unconsciously as the efficacy data are either flawed or inaccurate. Inferior efficacy technologies’ implementation decisions were observed in many water-stressed countries that can burden a country’s economy immediately with higher unit energy cost as well as cause more undesirable environmental effects on the surroundings. In this article, a standard primary energy-based thermodynamic framework is presented that addresses energy efficacy fairly and accurately. It shows clearly that a thermally driven process consumes 2.5–3% of standard primary energy (SPE) when combined with power plants. A standard universal performance ratio-based evaluation method has been proposed that showed all desalination processes performance varies from 10–14% of the thermodynamic limit. To achieve 2030 sustainability goals, innovative processes are required to meet 25–30% of the thermodynamic limit.

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“…In order to enhance desalination performance, diverse efforts are being applied with time. For instance, the coupling of membrane filtration (MF) techniques such as nanofiltration and reverse osmosis (NF/RO) is largely important to optimize cost and produced water quality whereby ionexchange (IX)/MF coupling improved product quality and it is applied in the selective removal of particular pollutants (Ang et al 2015;Esfahani et al 2016;Talaeipour et al 2017;Zaib and Fath 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Status of hybrid membrane–ion-exchange systems for desalination: a comprehensive review

Gebreeyessus

2019

Appl Water Sci

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Recently, water scarcity, world population rise and urbanization are causing desalting of seawater. Membrane separation processes such as reverse osmosis are applied for desalination over the conventional mass transfer techniques. For instance, reverse osmosis accounts for the treatment of nearly 1% of the world water supply and its applications are increasing with time. However, cost, technical management and efficiency are challenging aspects. Hence, membrane fouling, direct and indirect investment costs, and permeate quality are the major hurdles encountered. Toward solving these problems, various studies are being conducted including varying membrane operating conditions and separation methodologies whereby ionexchange-reverse osmosis hybrids and the coupling of two or more other membrane filtration techniques can be mentioned. Apparently, most of the hybrid techniques targeted for the selective removal of a pollutant. Hence, ion exchange-reverse osmosis is the most applied hybrid process particularly for boron removal due to its public and environmental health impact. Despite that, there is no current and comprehensive review that bridged the piece by piece and fragmented reports. In this review, desalination-ion-exchange coupling with other membrane filtration is explored in detail and the recent advances in composite membrane material synthesis are uncovered. Further, the status, cost and future potential of hybrid membranes are discussed and gaps are identified for future research.

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Application of carbon nano-materials in desalination processes

Cited by 34 publications

References 85 publications

Filtration of sodium chloride from seawater using carbon hollow tube composed of carbon nanotubes

Filtration of sodium chloride from seawater using carbon hollow tube composed of carbon nanotubes

Desalination Processes’ Efficiency and Future Roadmap

Status of hybrid membrane–ion-exchange systems for desalination: a comprehensive review

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