Application of Charge Transfer Reactions for the Quantitative Spectrophotometric Determination of Cyclophosphamide in Pure and Pharmaceutical Formulation

Abstract

The present investigation describes two simple, sensitive and validated spectrophotometric methods for the determination of Cyclophosphamide (CP) in pure and formulated forms. The methods are mainly based on the formation of charge transfer (CT) complex, with the reagents 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) (Method A) and p-Chloranilic acid (PCA) (Method B), hence a stable, 1:1 stoichiometric complex was obtained, which shows orangeyellow and pink colors, respectively. The produced chromogens optical densities were measured at 352 and 522 nm, respectively. The Beer's law was tested in the range of 2-16 and 5-50 µg mL -1 . The optical characteristics such as molar absorptivity (ɛ), and Sandell's sensitivity values were calculated. Other analytical parameters like, Limit of Detection (LOD), Limit of Quantification (LOQ), accuracy and precisions were evaluated. The proposed methods were successfully applied for the determination of the CP in tablet formulation with higher accuracy, better recoveries and less than 2% relative standard deviation.

Spectrophotometric Assay Methods for Determination of Amiloride: A Charge-Transfer Reaction Approach with 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-Dicyano-1,4-Benzoquinone and p-Chloranilic Acid Reagents

“…Because the form of derivative spectra and zero order spectra is similar, a tiny alteration in a basic spectrum can dramatically modify the derivative spectrum. Poor reproducibility can affect findings when multiple spectrophotometers used for zero order spectra produce comparable results but derivatization produces different results [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] . In view of developing simple, straightforward and sensitive spectrophotometric techniques have been developed and validated by the authors of the current work for the analysis of Amiloride hydrochloride (AMD) in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms; p-Chloranilic Acid (PCA) and 2,3-dichloro-5,6dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) are used as π-acceptors.…”

“…Method A: To a series of 10 ml volumetric flasks, varying fractions of working standard solution of AMD (100 µg.ml -1 ) varying from 0.5-3.0 ml were transferred, 1 ml of 0.1 % DDQ was added and swirled physically to get homogenous solutions, thermostated 5 min at 60°, an orange-yellow coloured species was obtained, left the solution for 10 min to develop colour at ambient conditions (room temperature). The whole bulk of the solution was brought to 10 ml using methanol [10] . Absorption spectrum of the coloured species was then scanned in the range 450 to 500 nm at 476 nm obtained the highest absorption versus blank solution, there were no interferences observed by the reagent.…”

A simple spectrophotometric quantitative determination of Cilostazol in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms using DNPH reagent

“…According to the Analytical Methods Committee the detection limit (LOD) is the concentration of drug corresponding to a signal equal to the blank mean (Y B ) plus three times the standard deviation of the blank (S B ). Quantification limit (LOQ) is the concentration of drug corresponds to the blank mean plus ten times the standard deviation of the blank (Siddappa and Hanamshetty., 2015). .…”

“…The formation of hydrazone is shown in Scheme 1 (Dawood 2012). The calibration graph was prepared by plotting absorbance versus concentration of drug and the concentration of unknown was read from the calibration graph or computed from the regression equation derived from the Beer's law data (Siddappa et al, 2013). The same procedure was followed for the determination of CIL in the tablet formulations and the content of the tablets were calculated by using regression equation (Siddappa and Hanamshetty, 2014).…”

Spectrophotometric Quantitative Determination of Bromhexine Hydrochloride in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form using PDEAB Reagent

“…For the verification of Beer's law we have taken a series of 10 mL volumetric flasks and added the working standard solution (100 µg/mL) serially from 0.2 mL to 2.0 mL followed by added all the reagents as mentioned in the assay procedure. Graph of absorbance versus concentration plotted and are described by the regression equation Y= bx+a (where 'Y' is the absorbance, 'b' is the slope, 'x' is the concentration of the drug in µg/ml and 'a' is the intercept) obtained by least squares method [28][29][30] . The results were summarized in Table 1.…”