Application of Contrast‐Enhanced Real‐time 3‐Dimensional Ultrasound in Solid Abdominal Organ Trauma

Abstract

Objectives-To determine whether real-time 3-dimensional ultrasound (RT3DUS) could provide additional information on early detection and evaluation in the management of solid abdominal organ trauma based on an animal model.Methods-Nine bleeding lesions were developed in the livers (n = 3), kidneys (n = 3), and spleens (n = 3) from 9 pigs. An ultrasound contrast agent was administered intravenously (liver, 0.025 mL/kg; kidney, 0.008 mL/kg; and spleen, 0.013 mL/kg) after an unenhanced 2-dimensional ultrasound (2DUS) examination (B-mode and color Doppler). After contrast agent injection, bleeding lesions were imaged by 2DUS and sequentially imaged by 3-dimensional static ultrasound (3DSUS) and RT3DUS to identify active bleeding, observe the relationship between bleeding lesions and peripheral blood vessels, and evaluate the spatial scope of the bleeding lesions in the organs.Results-For the identification of active bleeding, there was no statistical difference in contrast-enhanced 2DUS, 3DSUS, and RT3DUS. For observation of the relationship between bleeding lesions and peripheral blood vessels, RT3DUS performed statistically better than 2DUS (P < .05), as reconstructed RT3DUS could show more information about the relationship. For the evaluation of the spatial scope of the bleeding lesion in the organ, RT3DUS also performed statistically better than 2DUS from the multiplanar observation by postprocessing of the 3-dimensional real-time volumes (P < .05).Conclusions-Real-time 3-dimensional ultrasound improves early detection and evaluation of solid abdominal organ trauma and provides additional information over the current contrast-enhanced 2DUS.

Application of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography (CEUS) in the Assessment of Kidney Wound Recovery After Nephron-Sparing Surgery

“…Active bleeding from a solid organ trauma involving the organ capsule appeared as a fountain or spring with a high velocity. 14 In detecting active bleeding of blunt renal trauma using real-time three-dimensional CEUS, Xu et al 15 found that consistent enhanced signal gushed from the injured site. In contrast, continuous extravasation of contrast agent as a drip or a band-like spot with a low velocity out of the sutured capsule was found in our study.…”

“…Hemodynamic stability was a vital factor for severity assessment and management in trauma, 12,13 and CEUS was proved feasible to evaluate active hemorrhage around the injuries of solid organ with significant specificity and sensitivity. [14][15][16] Moreover, Xu et al 17 have successfully applied real-time 3-dimensional CEUS to detect hemorrhage in blunt renal trauma of New Zealand white rabbits, and Lin et al 18 have found CEUS sensitive in evaluating hemorrhagic renal lesions in shock or different status of hemodynamic instability in a canine model, which pushed us to consider CEUS as a new approach to display the possible bleeding or exudation from the wound which might be a probable indicator to wound healing.…”

Progress in the Application of Portable Ultrasound Combined with Artificial Intelligence in Pre-Hospital Emergency and Disaster Sites

“…Ultrasound robots can perform examination, diagnosis, operation, etc., autonomously-which can be detached from the reliance on manual operation during battlefield rescue-and carry out ultrasound remote examination, image transmission, rapid remote consultation, etc., thus saving human and material resources. Intelligent ultrasound can not only be applied to the diagnosis of organs such as those in the chest and abdomen but also has better diagnostic efficacy for the degree of benign and malignant clinical thyroid, which can effectively improve the clinical specificity and positive value [63]. Additionally, in urological ultrasound, the degree of renal obstruction can be assessed by using quantitative technology with artificial intelligence algorithm, and the sensitivity can reach 100% [64].…”

Development and validation of the diagnostic accuracy of artificial intelligence-assisted ultrasound in the classification of splenic trauma

“…To solve this problem, we applied the method of transfer learning. The performance of pig spleen in ultrasound is similar to that of human, and the performance of spleen trauma in conventional ultrasound and contrastenhanced ultrasound is also similar to that of human spleen trauma (18). Therefore, we learn the low-level ultrasonic damage characteristics by building animal models.…”