“…To assess the effectiveness of the suggested algorithm in comparison to the original Rao algorithms, we have chosen 14 real-world shifted functions with 30 dimensions (including unimodal, multimodal, and expanded multimodal functions), numbered in the order introduced in CEC 2005 ( Liu et al, 2013 ), whose data were extracted from Suganthan et al (2005) . These functions have been successfully utilized in many articles ( Ghasemi, Aghaei & Hadipour, 2017 ; Birogul, 2019 ; Ghasemi et al, 2019 ; Ghasemi et al, 2022a ; Ghasemi et al, 2022b ; Ghasemi et al, 2023 ; Akbari, Rahimnejad & Gadsden, 2021 ; Premkumar et al, 2021 ; Zou et al, 2022 ). The total count of function evaluations (NFE) during the execution of each algorithm is considered 300,000 based on Liu et al (2013) ; accordingly, the number of population members of each algorithm during the optimization is 30; therefore, the convergence curves, in this study, have been extracted for 10,000 iterations.…”