Application of Critical State Approach to Liquefaction Resistance of Sand–Silt Mixtures under Cyclic Simple Shear Loading

Porcino, D.; Triantafyllidis, Theodoros; Wichtmann, Torsten; Tomasello, Giuseppe

doi:10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0002470

Cited by 29 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…These findings are consistent with those reported by other authors [10,11,56,61] and are valid when relative density is selected as a control variable to describe the undrained response of silty sands. Different results can be expected when other control variables, such as the global void ratio, skeleton void ratio, or equivalent granular void ratio, are employed in place of D R [14,81,82]. Another interesting finding is that residual excess pore water pressure at liquefaction decreases with an increase in the amount of non-plastic fines, a finding that is in agreement with previous works [3,83,84].…”

Section: Influence Of Fines Content and Packing Densitysupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Contradictory results regarding the effect of fines content on the undrained cyclic strength of silty sands can be found in the literature. In particular, some studies [9][10][11] showed that the liquefaction resistance (CRR) of silty sands increased with f c , whereas other researchers [12][13][14] highlighted that the addition of f c to clean sand caused a decrease in CRR up to a threshold fines content (f thre ), beyond which CRR increased with f c . Threshold fines content (f thre ) represents the limiting value of f c separating "sand-dominated" to "fines-dominated" types of behaviour of sand-silt mixtures [15][16][17][18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energy-Based Pore Pressure Generation Models in Silty Sands under Earthquake Loading

Tomasello,

Porcino

2024

Geosciences

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During an earthquake, excess pore water pressure generation in saturated silty sands causes a reduction in shear strength and even liquefaction of the soil. A comprehensive experimental program consisting of undrained cyclic simple-shear tests was undertaken to explore the key factors affecting the energy-based excess pore water pressure generation models for non-plastic silty sands. The examined influencing factors were non-plastic fines content (less than and greater than the threshold value ≅ 25%), packing density, vertical effective stress, applied cyclic stress ratio, and soil fabric. The relationship between excess pore water pressure ratio and dissipated energy per unit volume was found to be mainly dependent on the relative density and fines content of soil, whereas the cyclic stress ratio, initial vertical effective stress, and soil fabric (i.e. the reconstitution method) appeared to have a minor impact. A revision of the original energy-based model developed for clean sand by Berrill and Davis was proposed to improve prediction accuracy in terms of residual excess pore water pressures versus normalised cumulative dissipated energy. Nonlinear multivariable regression analyses were performed to develop correlations for the calibration parameters of the revised model. Lastly, these correlations were validated through additional cyclic simple-shear tests performed on different silty sands recovered at a site where liquefaction occurred after the 2012 Emilia Romagna (Italy) earthquake.

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Section: Influence Of Fines Content and Packing Densitysupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy-Based Pore Pressure Generation Models in Silty Sands under Earthquake Loading

Tomasello,

Porcino

2024

Geosciences

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“…Let us refer to this void ratio-based state parameter as w e , and its initial value at the beginning of the constant volume cyclic shearing stage as w e;0 . Several recent studies have suggested a decrease in cyclic liquefaction resistance with an increase in the initial state parameter w e;0 , despite some scattering observed in laboratory experimental data [e.g., 24,57,40]. Notably, a Fig.…”

Section: Initial State Parametermentioning

confidence: 95%

Effect of particle shape on cyclic liquefaction resistance of granular materials

Banerjee,

Yang,

Taiebat

2024

Acta Geotech.

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This study adopts three-dimensional discrete element method to examine how particle shape affects the cyclic liquefaction resistance of granular materials. A family of superquadric particles is employed to model different particle shapes by varying two shape parameters: aspect ratio (AR) and blockiness (B). Five smooth and convex particle shapes are considered in this study, with AR ranging from 0.5 to 1.5, and B varying from 2 to 8. These particles are used to create isotropically compressed samples at an initial confinement of 100 kPa and two relative densities (D r ) of 20% and 50%, resulting in ten samples. These samples are then subjected to constant-volume cyclic simple shearing with various levels of cyclic stress ratios until initial liquefaction occurs in 41 simulations. The results of these simulations reveal that at D r ¼ 20%, the spherical particles exhibit the highest liquefaction resistance compared to the non-spherical particles. However, this trend is reversed for the samples with D r ¼ 50%. By employing the overall regularity (OR) as a synthetic descriptor of particle shape, it is observed that liquefaction strength generally increases with higher OR at D r ¼ 20%, while it demonstrates an approximately decreasing trend at D r ¼ 50%. Furthermore, the initial coordination number and two critical state parameters based on the void ratio and the coordination number at the pre-shearing state of the samples, demonstrate a strong correlation with the cyclic liquefaction resistance within the ranges of particle shape and D r considered in this study.

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“…The characterisation of these materials turns out to be problematic in engineering geology practice due to some peculiar features distinguishing the behaviour of these intermediate materials from that of the so called "text-book materials" (i.e. clean sands and pure clays) (Carraro and ratio e (Dash and Sitharam 2009;Porcino et al 2018aPorcino et al , 2021Gobbi et al 2022;Rahman and Sitharam 2020), relative density D R (Carraro et al 2003;Chien et al 2002;Gobbi et al 2022), skeleton void ratio e s (Carraro et al 2003;Dash and Sitharam 2009;Kuerbis et al 1988), and finally equivalent granular void ratio e* (Gobbi et al 2022;Porcino et al 2021;Rahman and Sitharam 2020;.…”

Section: Background and Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among them, the conventional global void ratio (e), which is defined as the volume of voids divided by the volume of solids, has long been used in soil mechanics as a proper density index to describe and interpret the undrained behaviour of clean sands (Alarcon-Guzman et al 1988;Castro and Poulos 1977;Ishihara 1993). When e is used as a control variable for sand-silt mixtures, there appears to be an agreement that the undrained cyclic resistance (CRR) of silty sands firstly decreased with increasing f c up to a certain threshold value beyond which CRR increased thereafter for higher f c (Polito 1999;Porcino et al 2021;among others). Nevertheless, the applicability of the conventional void ratio e to silty sands has been called into question by numerous authors Rahman and Lo 2008;Yang et al 2015), based on the consideration that the study of undrained behaviour of binary granular mixtures, i.e.…”

Section: Background and Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of undrained cyclic resistance of sand with non-plastic fines under sustained shear stress using a critical state interpretation

Tomasello,

Porcino

2024

Bull Eng Geol Environ

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There are many geotechnical applications involving dams, embankments and slopes where the presence of an initial static shear stress prior to the cyclic loadings plays an important role. The current paper presents the experimental results gathered from undrained cyclic simple shear tests carried out on non-plastic silty sand with fines content in the range 0-30% with the consideration of sustained static shear stress ratio (α). Two distinct parameters, namely the conventional state parameter Ψ, and the equivalent state parameter Ψ*, are introduced in the context of critical state soil mechanics (CSSM) framework to predict failure mode and undrained cyclic resistance (CRR) of investigated soils. It is proved that the failure patterns for silty sands are related to (a) the initial states of soils (Ψ or Ψ*) and (b) the combination of initial shear stress with respect to cyclic loading amplitude. At each α, the CRR-Ψ (or Ψ*) correlation can be well represented by an exponential trend which is practically unique for both clean sands and silty sands up to a threshold fines content (fthre≅24.5%). Varying α from low to high levels simply brings about a clockwise rotation of the CRR-Ψ (or Ψ*) curves around a point. This CRR-Ψ (or Ψ*) platform thus provides an effective methodology for investigating the impact of initial shear stress on the cyclic strength of both clean sands and silty sands. The methodology for estimating Ψ (or Ψ*) state parameters from in-situ cone penetration tests in silty sands is also discussed.

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Application of Critical State Approach to Liquefaction Resistance of Sand–Silt Mixtures under Cyclic Simple Shear Loading

Cited by 29 publications

References 57 publications

Energy-Based Pore Pressure Generation Models in Silty Sands under Earthquake Loading

Energy-Based Pore Pressure Generation Models in Silty Sands under Earthquake Loading

Effect of particle shape on cyclic liquefaction resistance of granular materials

Assessment of undrained cyclic resistance of sand with non-plastic fines under sustained shear stress using a critical state interpretation

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