Application of D-Limonene as a Bio-based Solvent in Low DensityDispersive Liquid?Liquid Microextraction of Acidic Drugs from Aqueous Samples

Abstract

This study deals with the application of different monoterpenes as relatively green bio-based solvents for low densitydispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (LD-DLLME) of different non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) from aqueous samples in comparison with conventional halogenated solvents. Results indicated that D-limonene could extract the hydrophobic compounds with higher %recovery compared with other bio-based and halogenated solvents. The LD-DLLME procedure was optimized by applying one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) followed by central composite face-centered design (CCF) of the response surface methodology (RSM). Under the optimal conditions, the method exhibited good linearity with r ≥ 0.9950 with low LOD as well as LOQ levels in the range of 0.11 to 0.81 and 0.36 to 2.69 ng/mL, respectively. The method was efficiently applied to a variety of real aqueous samples. Finally, the green aspect of our procedure was compared with some reported methods using two green metric tools.

Deep Eutectic Solvents as Promising Green Solvents in Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Based on Solidification of Floating Organic Droplet: Recent Applications, Challenges and Future Perspectives

“…On the other hand, when the partition coefficient is very modest (0.5), the influence of the solvent volume on EF is insignificant. The volume of the extracting solvent is typically in the microliter range [ 39 ]. Using a lower volume boosts the EF.…”

Applying a Green Solvent with Microwave, Ultrasound, and Soxhlet Extraction Techniques to Quantify the Slip Additive cis-1,3-Docosenamide and Nine Oxidative Degradation Byproducts in Polypropylene Samples

“…Limonene as a solvent has also been explored in other applications, including pharmaceuticals, food and beverages, and extracting organic compounds from plants. Limonene as a biosolvent is considered a sustainable and efficient alternative to traditional solvents, making it an increasingly popular option in the industry [ 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 ]. Based on the latest EU OEL data, no specific occupational exposure limit is set for limonene.…”

Simultaneous Determination of Steroids and NSAIDs, Using DLLME-SFO Extraction and HPLC Analysis, in Milk and Eggs Collected from Rural Roma Communities in Transylvania, Romania

“…To overcome these problems, over time, miniaturized extraction methods have been developed for both the solid phase [ 18 ] and the liquid phase [ 19 ], with the aim of reducing the volume and toxicity of the extraction solvent and the amount of sample being processed to reduce the extraction time [ 20 ]. Due to the advantages offered, their applications are numerous [ 21 ], which is why we only mention their applicability to the analysis of steroids in urine [ 22 ] and in water [ 23 ]; of NSAIDs in water [ 24 ]; of steroids and NSAIDs in wastewater [ 25 ]; and, last but not least, in the analysis of steroids and NSAIDs in food samples [ 5 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ]. These are the target compounds selected for this study.…”