Application of D‐optimal design in the analysis and modelling of dyeing of plasma‐treated wool with three natural dyes

Abstract

Both the dyeing and finishing of textiles with natural compounds are gaining increasing attention because of various environmental and health problems associated with the use of synthetic reagents. In this study, wool fibres were dyed with three natural dyes, namely, Arnebia euchroma, cotton pods and harmal seeds. Alum was used as the mordant, and samples were mordanted by the premordanting method. Oxygen plasma was employed for the surface modification of wool. Plasma treatment time, alum concentration, dyebath temperature and pH were selected as the process variables, and their effects on the K/S of the dyed samples were analysed using D‐optimal design. The surface topography, morphology and chemistry of the wool fibres after plasma treatment were studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform–infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. FTIR confirmed the creation of new oxygen‐containing groups on the surface of wool fibres after plasma treatment. SEM and AFM images confirmed the surface etching and increase in the roughness of plasma‐treated fibres. Increasing the dyebath pH and temperature increased the K/S of the dyed samples. Increasing the amount of alum mordant increased the K/S of samples dyed with cotton pods but decreased the K/S of samples dyed with A. euchroma and harmal seeds. Increasing the plasma treatment time improved the K/S of samples dyed with A. euchroma and cotton pods but had no significant effect on the K/S of samples dyed with harmal seeds.

A recent (2009–2021) perspective on sustainable color and textile coloration using natural plant resources

“… Specialty Treatment Plants Fibers Prominent Features Ref. Chitosan Lac, Cochineal, Onion, Tea, Madder, Weld Cotton, Silk, Wool Metal mordants replacement, Biodegradability, non- toxicity, and antimicrobial ( Mehrparvar et al., 2016 ; Bonet-Aracil et al., 2016 ; Verma et al., 2017 ; Shahid-ul-Islam et al., 2018a , Shahid-ul-Islam et al., 2018b ; Sadeghi-Kiakhani et al., 2018b ; Chimprasit et al., 2019 ) Chemical Modification Areca nut extract; Phellodendron amurense Rupr ; Cotton, Wool, Polyester, Nylon Molecular level, Improved colorfastness More efficient dyeing process on time, cost, and energy ( Pawar et al., 2018 ; Kim and Park, 2007 ; Oktav Bulut and Akar, 2012 ) Plasma Almond shell, madder, Rose/Rosemary/Lavender/Mate tea, (Fallopia japonica) rhizome, Cotton pods (top), Arnebia euchroma (middle), Harmal seeds (bottom), pomegranate peel, grape leaves Wool, Cotton, Bamboo Surface medication, No industrial waste and shortening dyeing process Reduce the dyeing temperature Improve absorbency and dyeability ( Erdem Işmal et al., 2013 ; Barani and Maleki, 2011 ; Deveoglu et al., 2012a , Deveoglu et al., 2012b ; Gorjanc et al., 2016 ; Haji, 2020 ; Peran et al., 2020 ; Haji and Payvandy, 2020 ; Peran et al., 2020 ) Ultrasonic or microwave Coconut coir, turmeric, green tea Silk, Wool, Tencel Better dye diffusion Lower dyeing temperature Improved color strength Faster and high efficiency ( Adeel et al., 2020 ; Ma et al., 2020...…”

Various Uses of Natural Plants Extracts for Functionalization Textile Based Materials

“…It possesses a hydrophobic external coating that impedes penetration. [42][43][44]. Therefore, wool fibers do not have extremely strong water absorption and sweat venting capabilities, which influence the wear of wool material.…”

An Ecological Approach to Textile Design: Natural Dyeing and Eco Printing on Lyocell

“…Yeni bir doğal boya kaynağı olarak pamuk kozasının sulu özüyle yün liflerinin renklendirilmesi plazma yöntemi ve kitosan ile gerçekleştirilmiş (Haji, Mehrizi & Sharifzadeh, 2016), plazma işlemiyle Arnebia euchroma bitkisi, pamuk kozasının kurumuş hali ve harmal tohumları doğal boya olarak kullanılarak yün liflerinin boyanmasındaki etkileri araştırılmış (Haji, 2020a), yün liflerinin civanperçemi ve kına yaprakları ile doğal boyamasını optimize etmek için oksijen plazma işlemi uygulanmıştır (Haji, 2020b). Doğal boyamalarda çevre dostu bir yöntem olarak plazma teknolojisinin en çok kullanılan doğal ve sentetik liflerin yüzey modifikasyonu ve boyanmaları üzerindeki etkileriyle ilgili kapsamlı bir gözden geçirme çalışması yapılmıştır (Haji & Naebe, 2020).…”